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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE
CONCLOLOGICNE, SOCIETY
Ol GAR aeO | BIRINAUON) AUN ID) URIBE UN ID)
EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,
LY
WHILE =) HOw Ee
VOL. VIII.
1895—1807.
Lonpon: Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Sa., W. Lrrps: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: J. E. Cornish, St. Ann’s Sq.
BERLIN: Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 11,
THE DIFFERENT PARTS COMPOSING THIS VOLUME WERE ISSUED AS FOLLOWS :—
No. I, pp. 1-32 ah fe ae ig April 21st, 1895. No. 2, pp. 33-64 Ag i ce a May 17th, 1895. No. 3, pp. 65-88, pls. 1 and 4... ‘ 585 August Sth, 1895. No. 4, pp. 89-128, pls. 2 and 3 7 = October 15th, 1895. No. 5, pp. 129-176 ee ae se an January Ist, 1896, No. 6, pp. 177-208 fe on ae a6 ... April Ist, 1896. NOs Gy spe OS 10s ELS Gy oh ail Se ... July 1st, 1896. No. 8, pp. 241-272... ies ie de October Ist, 1896. IN@ @, Pi 2PABAQ a i ae oe November rath, 1896. IN@s U@; jos B2H9H2 a. sy, se a6 January Ist, 1897. No. If, pp. 253-384, pls. 9, 10, and 11 im ... April Ist, 1897. No. 12, pp. 385-432 ... ay ee + ... July 1st, 1897. No. 13, pp. 433-480 .. a i a October Ist, 1897. Title-Page, Explanation of Plates, and Index ae January Ist, 1898.
Plate + (the portrait of Hugh Cuming) is intended to be placed as a
frontispiece to the volume,
AS THE CONDITION OF THIS VOLUME WOULD NOT PERMIT SEWING, IT WAS TREATED WITH A STRONG, DURABLE ADHESIVE ESPECIALLY APPLIED TO ASSURE HARD WEAR AND USE.
CONTENTS.
Jones, K. Hurtsrone. Molluscan albinism and the tendency to the oe phenomenon in 1893 ... ast 300 o6t Bue 3-11 CuasTer, G. W. On the occurrence of PulseJum lofotense Sars in the Trish Sea ane 000 290 o00 ado 600 II STANDEN, ROBERY. Vertigo sudbstriala Jcff. var. albina ek II fTelix aspersa Mill. m. szzzstrorsum Taylor... 23 MARSHALL, J. T. Alterations in ‘‘ British Conchology ” ae 24—4I COLLIER, EpwARD. Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West - of Ireland As Ae Saeter ahs ae .. 42—46 STANDEN, ROBERT. Note on Cypriea tessellata (Sowb.) Ses 55
MELVILL, J. Cosmo. An epitome of the life of the late Hugh Cuming 59—70 ADAMS, LIONEL E. Segmentina lineata in Northamptonshire... 70 LAYARD, E. L. Some personal reminiscences of the Jate Hugh Cuming 71—75 CHASTFR, G. W. Wassa reticulata var. minor Ne ane 75
ADAMS, LIONEL E. Helix hortensds var. luteo-labiata noy., and large
felix tala in Northamptonshire... ob se ah 83 MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Notes on a collection of shells
from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James and
Mrs. Hadfield, with list of species gap ae ee 84—132 Newron, R. BULLEN. On the occurrence of dlectryonia ungulata
in S.E. Africa ; with a notice of previous researches on the Cretace-
ous Conchology of Southern Africa... a ae 136—I51 ——— Corrigendum... se a ee 33 208 Wricut?, C. BE. Helzx hortensts m. sinistrorsum in Northamptonshire 151 OLDHAM, CHARLES. Agriolimax agrestis var. albida Picard in Cheshire 151
Liniax cinereo-niger in Cheshire ie ae 151
1V, CONTENTS.
: age. FarkER, W. J. Notes on the land and freshwater mollusca of the a English lake district... and an oa ies 152 CrowTHER, HENRY. Protective resemblance of the shell of Helix cantiana Mont. to its surroundings ... nee es “ee 161
Byne, L. St. G. The marine mollusca of Teignmouth Lay : Additions 162—167
ApAMS, LIONEL E. Helix lapicéda v. albina in Kent 08 167 Cuaster, G. W. On the variation of Stelifer turtoni Brod. ae 176 ADAMS, LIONEL E. Physa acuta at Ostend ... 209 aE 176 CoLLieR, Epwarb, and R. STANDEN. Further conchological notes
from the West of Ireland S05 eo sea cis 177—190 OLDHAM, CHARLES. Note on the habits of Vertzyo edentula Drap. 190 TREGELLES, GEO. FOx. The marine mollusca of Cornwall
I9QI—200, 209—225 ADAMS, LIONEL E. Helix fusca, H. granulata, H. lapicida var. albina,
and Clausilia rolphiz Gray in Northamptonshire aS ae 228 HorsbLEy, Rev. J. W. Note on Helix Jucasz from North Afiica 228 Apams, LIONEL E. Limax maximus L. var. alba nov. in Northamp-
tonshire ... ae ak see a at ane 228 CROWTHER, HENRY. Mucous tracks of Lzmmnea stagnalis L. ... 230 SMITH, EDGAR A. A list of the land and freshwater mollusca of
Trinidad... Bi ie Bde ne et ee 231—251 Hors.try, Rev. J. W. Note on Acléx hortensis, near Dover 251 ADAMS, LIONEL E. Limax marginatus Mill.=Z. arborum B. Ch.,
in Northamptonshire... ae ae oh 580 251 OLDHAM, CHARLES. Helix fusca and Azeca tridens in Denbighshire ... 251 TREGELLES, Gro. Fox. The marine mollusca of Cornwall (cowz.) 252-262 HWorstey, Rev. J. W. The mollusca of Plumstead Marshes ae 262
MELVILL, J. C., and R. StANDEN., Notes on a collection of shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James
and Mrs. Hadfield, with list of species (Part II.) cere 273—315 SHACKLEFORD, LEwIs. The shell-boring of Carnivorous Gastropods ... 315 ADAMS, LIONEL FE. Albino forms of Lzttorina rudis var. tenebrosa 315
Interesting Kentish forms _... - ait 316 Epwarps, THos. Planorbis carinatus Mill. monst. scudurtjornie 320 Hoye, W. E. David Robertson, LL.D., Obituary Notice Ns 329 MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology ” ay 338—372 CHASTER, Gro. W. Adeorbis unisulcatus, new species, from the Irish
Coast ... aes aie San iat ea ie 373 DARBISHIRE, R. D. A visit to a snail farm ath ae ge 374
MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Notes on a collection of shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with list of species (Part II., cov.) oe 379
CONTENTS. v.
TayLor, JoHN W. On two remarkable atavic specimens of Planordbis i spirorbis Mill ate ay oe fa nae 382 MARSHALL, J. T. Additions to ‘‘ Lritish Conchology ” (co/.) .... 385—395 WricutT, C. E. A colony of Cecilioides acicula Miill. in Northants. 395 MELVILL, J. C., and R. STANDEN. Notes on a collection of shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with list of species (Part III.) uae sere .. 396—421 Moss, W. A preliminary note on the genitalia of /Zyalinza (Zonitozdes) nitida Mull. and Ay. excavata Bean aac aii aes 421 Jounson, J. YATE. Description of Helix watson?, a new species of land shell, discovered at Madeira, by Senhor J. M. Moniz... 429 Stupss, G. A. Note on Zelina balthica ... ae ae an 430 MARSHALL, J. T. The marine shells of Sciily be a 431 OLDHAM, CHARLES. Limax cinereo-niger Wolff, in Dervyshire ne 433 MELVILL, J. Cosmo. Upon the principles of nomenclature, and their application to the genera of recent mollusca... a5 .» 435—479 BIBLIOGRAPHY — i abe 56, 123, 207, 229, 334, 381, 422, 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY— June, 1894 Aes ue, ne aoe oe aS 12 January—April, 1895 ace hs - a Bee 47 May, 1895 “ee af MA a UE Ge 76 July—December, 1895 i) ape oe. Au a 168 January—March, 1896 _.. a us ie és 201 April—May, 1896 ... : es sh ie ot 226 June—September, 1596 ... adi CANON ver ap 263 October—December, 1896... ott ts: = ae 330 January—March, 1897 ... fo ooh ont a 375 April—June, 1897... Rae ue ie ie ans 425 July, 1897 na as 1 see sine 80 434 PROCEEDINGS OF TH MANCHESTER BRANCH— September, 1894—March, 1895 ae me: wee ve 51 May, 1895 sen s00 ute iG ae ce 79 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEEDS BRANCH— September—October, 1895 6 Bs Bs mk 174 January—February, 1896 ___... ve oe i Ss 205 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON LRANCII— January, 1896 ae 000 ae See ie ak 206 March—April, 1896 a SS Pa ase os 227 May—June, 1896 ... eh ss rt Be bus 269 November—December, 1£96 BH Gi st ade Bae
FEE ES le Sa
Vi. CONTENTS.
LIST OF PLATES. °
Portrait of Hugh Cuming (frontispiece)
Lifu Mollusca
Variation of Purpura lapillus Irish Kitchen Middens Trinidad Mollusca
Lifu Mollusca
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
Map of the Loyalty Islands
Stilifer turtont
Planorbis carinatus m. scalar tforme
Adeorbis unisulcatus, Chaster
Olivella williamst, Melvill and Standen Diagrammatic figures of primitive Planorbis
Atavic sinistral monstrosity of Planorbzs spiroi bis Mill.
Atavic dextral monstrosity of Planordes sptrorbis Miill.
page Abnormalities (see a/so Scalariform and Sinistral examples) : Claustla perversa 377 felix aspersa 175 — hortensts 173 — nemoralis (with Marcetentacles) 175 — perplexa 377 — pomatia 173 Linnea auricularia 175 -—— peresra 47 — stagnalis ...49, 76 Planorbis spirorbis 377, 394 Pupa cylindracea 333 — secale ... 333 Unio tumidus Bd is oo 7G Achatina churchilliana, Natal... 55 Adams, L. E., Albino forms of
Littorina rudis v. tenebrosa... 315 — Felix fusca Mont., A. granu-
lata Alder, A. lapicida v.
albina Menke, Claustlia rolphit
Gray in Northants. 228 -— Felix hortensts v. luteo- eben
and 4, zta/a in Northants. 83 — Helix lapicidav. albtnain Kent 167 — Interesting Kentish forms 316 — Limax marginatus Mill. = L.
arborum B. Ch. in Northants. 251 — Limax maximus L. v. albanovy.
in Northants. . 228 — Physa acuta at Ostend.. 176 -— Segmentina lineata in Northants 70 Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology,”
J. T. Marshall 338, 385 Adeorbis unisulcatus n. sp., nee )
N. Ireland 373 Africa, North, Helix oe 228 -— S., Cretaceous conchology 136 -— — — Corrigendum 208 Agriolimax agrest?s v. albida,
Cheshire 151 Alaba xadela nv. sp., fig., Ui 305
— mercenaria Li.
age. Albinism in 1893 oa e 3 Alcyna lifuensis n. sp., fig., LBs 312 Alectryonia ungulata in S. E, | Africa, fig. 136 — — Corrigendum 288 Alterations in ‘‘ British Condhelass’ 2 Alvania pistnna n. sp., fig., ia 305 Atavic specimens of Planorbis spirorbts 382 Azeca tridens in Denbenenre 251 Barleeta chasteri n. sp., fig., Lifu 120 — chrysomela n. sp., fig., Lifu... 309 Bibliography, 56, 133, 207, os 334 381, 422, 480 Littium e@olomitres n.sp., fe. oe 298 — albocinctum n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 299 — martleutes n. sp., fig., Lifu 299 — uveanum n. sp., fig., Lifu 299 Bonne of Carnivorous Gastropods 315 ‘Brit. Conchology,” Additions oe 385 — — Alterations in 24. — —- Summary of 40 British Fauna, new records ; Adeorbis unisulcatus Chaster ... 373 —— imperspicuius Monts... 373 Astarte crenata Gray 364 Axinus eumyarius M. Sars 355 Cardita aculeata Poli 355 Eulima petitiana Brus. ... 432 — monterosatt de Bourg. 432 Leda lucida Lov. 344 — pusilla Jeff. BS 433 Neera rostrata Spengl. ... 200 | AO) Petricola pholadiformis Lam. 206, 393 Pulsellium lofotense Sars II Rissoa subsoluta Arad. . 432 Solecurtus scopula Turton 388 Tellina serrata Brocchi 369, 432 Terebratella spitzbergensts Day. 339 Teredo jimbriata Jett. 395 Venus mesodesma Quoy & Gaim. 366
482 INDEX, page. | page. Bulimus (Drymeus) aureolus Columbella OT ae pacez=C. (Guppy), fig., Trinidad 241 | slephent 275, 407 -— — ftrinitariusn.sp.,fig., Trinidad 242 | — — Stephenz n. sp., fig., Lifu... 275 -— — mosstn. sp., fig., Trinidad... 243 — (Mitrella) segaloessa n. sp., fig. — -— broadwayin.sp.,fig. Trinidad 243 | Lifu s+ 276 Byne, L. St. G., Marine Mollusca | Conchological Society— of Teignmouth Bay ... . 162 Leeds Branch, Proceedings 174, 205 Cadulus viperidens n. sp. fig., iui 314 Sel oe Report 333 Cectlioides acicula Mill., Northants. 395 List of Members 18, 323 Cambridge Natural ideas, review 56 London Branch, Proceedings ... 206, Carnivorous aoe Shell- 227, 333 Boring by Bins — — Report 272 Cerithéops?s aurantiaca n. sp., fig., Manchester Branch, Proceadiee 16, Lifu SOO 55> 79 -— catenaria N. sp., ie, Life 300 — — Report for 1893-4 16 — eutrapela n. sp., fig., Lifu 301 ame loo 82 — fostere n. sp., fig., Lifu 301 Proceedings of, 12, 47, 76, 168, 201, — hedista n. sp., fig., Lifu 302 226, 263, 330, 375, 425, 434 — adelphan. sp., fig., Lifu 302 | Report for 1893-94 ae — sinon Bayle, fig. ; ans © BEG — — 1894-95 So Cerithium armatum Phil. v. See 1095.90 . 269 lifuenszs, fig. 115 | Cretaceous Conchology, S. Africa 136 — aichroum n. sp., fig. ..- 115 | Crowther, H., Mucous tracks of Chalet St. Denis, La Snail Limnea stagnalis L.... fant 280 Farm ' 374 | — Protective resemblance of Helix Chaster, G. W., Vie Ce cantizana Mont. 161 catus, n. sp., fig., Ireland 373 | Cuming, Hugh, Life of 59 — Nassa reticulata v. minor 75 | — Mollusca named after ... 69 — Pulsellum lofotense in Irish Sea 11 | — Personal Reminiscences of 71 — Variation of Stzlefer turtoni Cyprea aurora, pu re- Brod. 176 garding me 131 Chemical and Beyeical Properties — clandestina v. ar SED. ‘Pe 112 of Molluscs : .. 205 | — rashlezghana Melv., fig., Lifu... 111 Cheshire, Aevcolimax dpestss v. — tessellata (Sowb.), Onan 55 albida ... : 151 | Daphnella terina n. sp., fig., Lifu 296 Chiton hanleyz Bean, Nore 29 | — thespesia n. sp., fig., Lifu 207 Cornwall, Marine Mollusca 191, 209, 252 | Denbighshire, Azeca t,idens 251 Clathurella caletria n.sp., fig., Lifu 293 | — Heléx fusca Bi se P25 -— cnephean. sp., fig., Lifu 293 | Derbyshire, Limax cinerco-niger... 433 — episema n. sp., fig., Lifu 294 | Diala hardyin sp., fig., Lifu 118 — hitan. sp., fig., Lifu . 2094 | -— ludensn. sp., fig., Lifu 118 —- longa = M. (Glyphostoma) trt- Drillia cygnea n. sp. fig., Lifu 379 gonostomum Wervier, fig. 295, 402 | — zone n. sp. fig., iti 277 —— rogerst n. sp., fig., Lifu 295 | — themeropis n. sp. fig., Lifu 278 — spyridula n. sp., fig., Lifu 206 | — xanthoporphyria n. sp., Lifu... 278 Claustlia rolphii Grayin Northants. 228 | Edwards, T., Planorbis cartnatus Collier, E., Excursion to West of Mill. monst. scalariforme 320 Teller: 42 | Egyptian tombs, Shells from 53 — and R. Siinailem, Berner Con- Elusa gradatula n. sp., fig., Lifu... 380 chological Notes from West Engina todosta Duclos, fig. Lifu... 104 Treland... 177 | — mundulan. sp., fig., Lifu 105
Engina sinensis Melvill, fig., Lifu — spican. sp., fig., Lifu ... 20 Feuchelus favosus n. sp. fig., Lifu...
Excursion to West of Ireland 42,
Varrer, W. J., Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of oe Lake District .
Genitalia of Palins nitida Mii I and &. excavata Bean
Hadfield, Rev. J. and Mrs., [396 | Loyalty Is. collection 84, 273, 379, |
Llelix aspersa im. stnistrorsum Taylor is was
— fusca Mont., Denbighshire
—— Noccames. ise
— vranulata Alder, IOrInanIe ae
— hortensts, Dover, Note
— — m. sznzstrorsum, Northants.
—- — y. luteo-labiata, Northants.
— iztala, Northants.
— lapicida v. albina, Kent
= — Nozthants. ...
— lucast, North Africa
— watsonin. sp., Madeira
Horsley, J. W., Aeléx hortensis, near Dover a6
— /ucasz, from North ALG ica
— Mollusca of the Plumstead Marshes : aoe oa
Hlyalinia nitida Mill. and Z. excavata Bean, Genitalia of ...
Ireland, West, I‘xcursion to
-— Further conchological note
Johnson, J. Y., Helix le n. Sp., Madeira igh
Jones, K. H., Albinism in “Gee -
Journal of Malnestoay, review
Kellia fideliwm, n.sp., fig., Lifu...
Kitchen Middens, Irish
Kent, Helix lapicida v. albina
Lake District, L. & F. W. Moll...
Layard, E. L., Reminiscences of H. Cumpe 60 é
Leucorhynchia tricarinata, vn. Sp-, fig., Lifu :
Lifu, Shells from ... ff, ays 270,
Lima excavata, large example
Limax cinereo-niger, Cheshire
— — Derbyshite ... sia
— marginatus Mill., Northants.
— maximus var. alba, Northants.
INDLX, 483 age. | page. 106 Lancashire, Helix aspersa m.
105 | StnIStrorsune ais Hae 23 31l Limnea stagnalis, distorted 177 | specimens 49, 76
: — Mucous tracks of 230 | Linnean genera of shells, List 466
ee Litiopa limnophysa, n.sp., fig., Lifu- 305 nee | Littovina rudis var. tenebrosa
ae albino 315
Loyalty Islands, Wie ae 130 — — Shells from... 84, Ey 379, 396
BOO nee a General eicervatiens 416 251 | Madeira, Helix watsoni, n. sp. 429 228 Manchester Museum, Library Cata-
228 | logue, review ... 7) 251 Alangilia agna n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 279 I5l | — bascauda n. sp., fig., Lifu 279
83 — calathiscus n. sp., fig., Lifu 280
83. — eumerista n. sp., fiz. Lifu 280 167 | — himerodes n. sp., fig., Lifu 281 228 — himertan. sp., fig., Lifu 281 228 — orophoman. sp., fig., Lifu 282 429 — stibarochila n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 283
| — thalycra n. sp., fig., Lifu 283
251 — ¢hiasotes n. sp., fig., Lifu 284 228 — (Costellaria ?) nitidiss¢ma n. sp.
| fig., Lifu 02
262 — (Cythara)euselian.sp., fies vim 284
| — — psalterium n. sp., fig., Lifu 285
421 — — signumn. sp., fig., Lifu ... 286 2. — (Daphnella) dulcinean. sp., fig.,
Wi | Lifu 98 | — (Glyphostoma) Tene Sp., fe, ; 429 Lifu bee Hels
3 | — — calcicincta n. SP-5 fies ihe 95
58 | — — chrysolitha n. sp., fig., Lifu 286 128 | — — cremonillan. sp., fon Lifu 96 187 | — — diahthan. sp, fig., Lifu ... 287 167 | — — emma n. sp., fig., Lifu 96 152 | — — /atirellan. sp., fig., Lifu ... 287
| — — notopyrrha n. sp., fig., Lifu 288
71 | — — rhodacme n. sp., fig., Lifu... 288
— — thaleran. sp., fig., Lifu 289 311 ) — — fheoteles n. sp., fig., Lifu ... 289 396 |. — — thepalean. sp., fig., Lifu ... 290
79 | — — thereganum n. sp., fig., Lifu 291 I51 | — — ¢hesaurista n. sp., fig., Lifu 291 433 | — — theskela n.sp., fig., Lifu 97 251 | — — ¢hyridota n. sp., fig., Lifu... 292 228 | — — trigonostomum Hervier, fig. 402
SN ee et ee ee
484 INDEX. pase. page. Mangtlia (Volutomzttra) honesta Odostomia versicolor n. sp., fig., Lifu 379 n. sp., fig., Lifu tor | Oldham, C., Agriolimax oo v. Marshall, J. T., Additions to “Brit. albida, Glens Etc Caninion” 338, 385 | — Aelex fusca and Azeca triJdens, — Alterations in Capateh Con- Denbighshire ... 251 chology ” ec ‘ 24 | — Limax cinereo-niger, Chestacen I51 —— Marine Shells of Seiiy. 431 see SPAg8 Mathilda eurytima n.sp.,fig., Lifu 310 | — ie on habits of Vertigo — simensis Fischer, fig., Lifu 117 edentula 190 Melvill, J. C., Life of H. Cuming 59 | Olvella wilkamsi n. Eom foe Ge 380 -— Linnzan genera of Shells 466 | Ostend, Physa acuta -- 176 — Principles of nomenclature 435 | Owen, R., Cumingian collection... 55 -- and R. Standen, Notes on | Pholadomya candida, Tortola 227 shells from Lifu, &c., Part I. 84 | Physa acuta, Ostend . 176 a Part lle 273, 379 | Physical properties of Molluscs 205 ae Part Lil 396 | Planorbis carinatus m. scalart- Miinolia agapeta nv. sp., fig., Lifa.. 312 forme, fig. : a suPtoee Bible wm, se, fe, ne | Spirorbis, atavic specimens, fig. 382 ‘ : Pleurotoma (Drillia) hadfieldi n. Mitra (Chrysame) JSulvosulcata sp., fig., Lifu... Mite oa Melv., fig. Lifu Fann Principles of nomenclature = 435 — WORT ES) LEU VS, Protective resemblance of Helix fig., Lif see cantiana 161 Modiola valepa Vunkc.; Lif ~ 127 | Prulsellum lofotense, Ti Sa II ee ie (coll.), Helix watsont, Pupa uvulifera Guppy, fig. . ci 244 429 | Pur pura pices variation in Moss, W., Genitalia of Renee form, pl. i 56 itil oc on GBT ‘ Mucous tracks of Zim. ress. 230 Poeun van ee fg. Lit ene Murex (Ocinebra) benedictus n.sp., — joviana n. sp., fig., Lifa 309 fig., Lifu oo --- 108 | — pyrrhacme n. sp., hie Lifu 310 SS LLG es Soke, hee, UNA oon 2/30 = Vege cose: . 32 Nassa reticulata var. minor 75 | — baculum-pastoris w.sp., a: F ce 306 — (Niotha) rotunda n. sp., Ee — catholica n. sp., fig., Lifu 306 Lifu 273 | — enteles n. sp., fig., Lifu 307 > (Bites) shocker din. =12b5 fe, ) — nesiotesn. sp., fig., Lifu 307 Lifu - 274 | — sincera n. sp., fig., Lifu 308 — ~~ ecstelba n. sp., fig., Lifa 274 | — conulan. sp., fig., Lifu 308 Newton, R. Bullen, <Avectryonia ~ (Phosinella) quasillits n. sp., fig., ungulata in S. EF. Africa 136 Lifu 2220 GOS — — Corrigendum 208 | Robertson, David, Oleenr ‘Notice 329 Northants. — Scalarta eranna n. sp., fig., Lifu... 276 Helix fusca 228 | — exomilan. sp., fig, Lifu 277) — granulata 228 | Scalariform examples of :— — hortensis vy. lutco- ib: tt 83 Fusus antiquus ... 267 — itala 83 Helix arbustorum 52 — lapicida v. kine 228 —- caperata 267 Limax marginatus 251 -—— ericetorum Me B27, — maximus v. alba 228 — lapicida yt, 3) Segmentina lineata 70 —-- nemoralts 50 Obituary, David Robertson 329 Limnea palustris 265
INDEX.
page. Scalariform examples of :— Limnaa peregra... boc fa 49 Planorbis albus ... ee LSC — carinatus a a 267, 320 — nautzleus Bye soc a) 150 — spivorbis Ses fae 49, 51 Ukko turtont .. 12 Scilly Isles, Marine Shells 191, 2 431 Segmentina lineata, Northants. ... 70 Selenztes alicea (Guppy) fig. 46) 239 Shackleford, U., Shell-Boring cf carnivorous Gastropods LS Sinistral examples of :— Buccinum undatum ee 53, 267 Fusus antiquus ... a 207 Gibbus Lyonetianis 338 Pees 7 felix aspersa Miill. ace ey Sy Ces) — caperata Mont., ae LSS —- hortensis Ado we 151 — mnemoralis ... he Wee Ua — obvoluta a 3 428 — rotundata Miill. ae oo, 175 Planorbis spirorbis PORT Sea. Smith, FE. A., Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of Trinidad ... 231 Snail farm, visit to.. eae “374 Solariella ((Garaeachias) tragema Nn. Spy hi@ay Wit! ©... ae Se air Standen, k., /eléx aspersa m. SENISCVOVSUME 0 208 23 — Note on Cyprea tes Ee vane 55 — Vertigo substriata v. albina ... 11
—and E. Collier, Further Con- chological Notes from West of
Ireland 5 177 -— andj. C. ae leai Shells fon
Lifu, &c. .... 84, 273, 379, 396 Stelifer turtont, var., fig.... os 7.0
Stubbs, A. G., Note on TZedlina balthica ac
Subulina (Nothus) Salen Be:
— — urichi, n.sp., fig., Trinidad
Superstition pelea ae aurora ...
Syrnola jaculuni n. ‘gh nae ath.
-— mossiana n. sp., fig., Lifu
— violacea n. sp., fig., Lifu
Taylor, J. W., Atavic specimens cf Planorbis spirorbes ;
— Monograph of L. and F. W. Moll. British Is., review Teignmouth Bay, Marine Moll.,
Additions 3b Tellina balthica, Note on ... ah Terebra (Alyurella) nectarea u. sp.,
fig., Lifu Th peenonie. a bactricola, a. Tornatina hadfield? n. sp., tig. ... Tregelles, G. F., Marine Mollusca of Cornwall ... ans IQI, Trinidad, L. and I’. W. Moll. Turbo (Senectus) moluccensts, Lifu Turbonilla belonis n. sp., fig., Lifu Unio tumtdus, distorted specimens Uvea, Shells from 84, 273, 379, Variation of Stzlifer turtonz Vertigo edentula, habits of... — substriata v. albina Visit to a Snail farm Vitrer tmplicans, fig. Voluta canaliculata, S. Austr. ae Weight lifted by Helix Wright, C. E., Cectlioides aie,
Northants. ‘ —FHelix hortensis m. mys orsum
Northants.
CORRE GE NEDIAC:
P. 28, dast line, for “incisions ”
read *‘ excisions.”
P. 267, dine 16, for “ Northampton” vead “ Dover.”
P. 378, dine 23, for “July and August ”
tember.”
P. 424, dine 9, from below for “ Mai
See valsoy pi. 132:
read. (ain
age.
430 235
235
131 304 122 304
read August and Sep-
THE
TOUR NAL
CONCHOLOGY.
The ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ which Mr. J. W. Taylor has conducted with so much enthusiasm and success for the last twenty-one years, has now become the property of the Con- chological Society. It will for the future be issued under the direction of the Council, by a Publication Committee which at the present time consists of the undersigned.
It is hoped that the character of the journal will be fully maintained, and that articles of morphological interest may be somewhat more frequent than in the past.
We may also indicate that papers will be received on Paleeo-Conchology, this branch of the subject being of the utmost importance to the geologist as well as to the the recent systematist. The former is enabled by fossil shells to fix his geological horizons, whilst the latter must study the shell-life of the past if he wishes to become acquainted with the ancestral forms of many of the modern genera.
The formalities consequent upon the change of ownership have somewhat delayed the appearance of the present number, but every effort will be made in the future to secure regular publication,
il. It is proposed to continue the practice of printing short Notes where space allows, and the committee will be happy to
receive communications of this nature from members of the Society and others.
Among the papers which it is hoped will appear in the near future are a ‘Catalogue of the Shells of Lifu,’ by Messrs. Melvill and Standen, containing descriptions and figures of new species, and a ‘Monograph of the British Odostomie,’ with figures of all the species, by Dr. G. W. Chaster.
The ExcHANGE CoLumn recently inaugurated will be continued, and will for the present be open free to members of the Society, and to others on payment of a small fee. It is also proposed to institute an ENQuiry CoLuMN in the hope that members may be induced to facilitate each other’s studies by the communication of scraps of knowledge.
In conclusion it may be allowable to remind the members of the Society that the Journal having now become their property, each one incurs a certain amount of responsibility for its successful continuance, and it is hoped that all will co-operate in carrying on its useful work.
H. CROWTHER, EpwarD COLLIER,
R. D. DARBISHIRE,
W. E. Hovte (£ditor), R. BULLEN NEWTON,
Committee of Publication.
—— —- -- $+@0—____-.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 3
MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM AND THE TENDENCY TO THE PHENOMENON IN _ 1893.
IB IK, ISTUIRIES IONS, fONIES.
(Read before the Conchological Society, August 22nd, 1894 ; and before the Manchester Branch, April 12th, 1894).
THE object of this little paper is not to set forth a lengthy dissertation on Albinism, but by bringing forward a few ele- mentary facts and observations, and by an attempt to draw deductions from them, to awaken an intelligent interest and to call forth further investigation in this much-neglected branch of the study of conchology.
I think it is advisable in the first instance, before dealing specially with albinism in the mollusca, to define and give a slight sketch of albinism generally. Albinism is lack of colour.
That Albinism is not due to a white pigment, as occasion- ally advanced, is easily proved. The eye of an albino is proverbially pink; the pink colour is due to the fact that the blood-vessels are visible through the transparent iris. Were any white pigment present, such vessels would be obscured by it, and the eye would appear white. Albinism is always an abnormality.
There are, it is true, many albino species—instance the white rabbit, rat, and mouse; but these are the propagation of an abnormality by man, and not natural products. ‘There are, also, numerous instances of white animals, such as the polar bear, and many birds. These are not albinos. The polar bear, although its fur is white, has brown eyes, whilst the mucous membrane lining the inside of the lips, and the claws are black. Some animals there are, moreover, which are white at one season of the year and brown at another. The Alpine hare and the ptarmigan are white in winter and brown in summer.
The above remarks have their bearing on the conchological aspect of the subject, as I shall endeavour to show later on,
4. JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM,
_ With this brief glance at albinism generally, let us turn to
albinism from a strictly conchological point of view, and in doing so, a few words as to the structure and colouring of the shell, and the various parts of the animal from which they are produced, may not be out of place.
The shell consists of three layers. The most external, the epidermis or ectoderm, is chitinous ; the middle, the thickest, is calcareous, and sometimes called the prismatic ; the third, or nacreous, also calcareous, is always smooth and shining and frequently beautifully coloured. The external and middle layers are formed in the Gastropoda by the collar, and in the Pelecypoda by the free edge of the mantle, which corre- sponds to the collar of the former class.
In both orders the nacreous layer is secreted by the mantle.
The colouring of the shell. There are two kinds of colour- ing: that produced by the deposition of particles in such a manner as to break up the light and give rise to the idea of colour; and that due to the deposition of particles of colouring matter, which matter is known as melanin. ‘The shell of an Anodon gives a good illustration of both varieties, the pearly inside being a good sample of the first, and the green ectoderm of the second. ‘The ectoderm is generally coloured, the nacre- ous layer less frequently, and the prismatic but rarely. The ectoderm is developed from the collar, therefore the collar plays the most important part in the colouring of the shell as a whole. Indeed, the collar presents a highly complex organ, producing as it does two different kinds of shell material and the colouring material of the ectoderm at one and the same time. There are many minor points, very interesting in themselves, with regard to the colouring matter of the shell; but, as they do not bear directly on the subject in hand, and would take up much space, I am forced to leave them untouched in this paper.
A mollusc bearing an albino shell presents a paradox. The shell may be perfectly devoid of colour, but the animal inhabit- ing it is always more or less pigmented. In short, a shell-bearing
J.C., viii., Jan. 1895.
JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM. 5
albino mollusc, in the general conchological acceptance of the term, is not an albino at all. The coloured mollusc, carrying an albino shell, is, indeed, in precisely the same position as the polar bear, mentioned above. ‘There are, also, shells which are partly albino and partly typical in colour. I have two speci- mens of the shells of Planorbis corneus, taken at Birch, which were partly white and partly typical in colour. Mr. Moss and Mr. Cairns have similar specimens from Ashton-under-Lyne. Examples of this curious abnormality have also occurred among the terrestrial mollusca. Capt. W. J. Farrer has taken a speci- men of Helix hispida at Bassenthwaite in Cumberland, the last whorl of which is albino, the others are typical. I took, also, a specimen of A. rufescens, at Matlock, presenting the same curious condition. Mr. Standen possesses a specimen of C/au- silia rugosa, the apex of which is white, the rest typical. There are other instances, but these are sufficient for illustration. The rule seems to be that a shell, having started typically, finishes as an albino, for most of the above present this con- dition ; there are, of course, exceptions.
The cause of the above remarkable phenomenon I do not exactly know; it is, however, I think, due most probably to constitutional weakness 1n the animal, and not to lack of some- thing in the food. Were the latter the case, instead of finding single individuals presenting the above remarkable character- istics, we should find colonies representing the condition.
That food, however, does influence the colouring of the shell in a very remarkable manner, I have experimental evidence to prove. My friend, Capt. W. J. Farrer, took at York Aelix arbustorum var. fusca and H. hortensis var. olivacea, both in con- siderable quantities. Having transported the specimens, which were about half-grown, to Bassenthwaite, he commenced feeding them upon cabbage-leaves. All that portion of the shell in both species which has been formed since their arrival at Bassenth- waite is pure white. Obviously something is wanting in the food supplied to them—that something may possibly be a cer-
6 JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM.
tain combination of iron. It may be urged that a similar explanation will suffice for those parti-coloured individuals which have been captured at large. I do not think it will, and for this reason: if the cause had been one dependent on food material, all the animals in a certain locality would have presented pseudo-albino tendencies, as was the case with Capt. Farrer’s Helices, but this, so far as we know, has not been noticed with regard to free-roaming snails. Such an explana- tion will in no case account for the abnormality in the specimens of Planorbis corneus mentioned above, which were taken where both the white variety and the type existed under exactly similar conditions, and living on the same kind of food in the same pond.
Albinos, as a rule, are taken under one of two conditions: either singly or in colonies. Many instances, embracing many species, both freshwater and terrestrial, can be cited in proof of this. There is a pond at Birch in which occurs /lanorbis corneus var. albida in such quantities that last year the white specimens numbered 73 per cent. of the whole! Again, ina pond at Gorton, I found white Planorbis corneus present to the extent of 16 per cent.
Among the terrestrial mollusca, the tendency to form colonies is still more marked. Capt. Farrer communicates to me that he has found Clausilia rugosa var. albida congregating in quantities on a wall near Kew Gardens. ‘The same observer finds that although Helzx rotundata can be found in any quantity around Bassenthwaite, there is only one spot-—a certain heap of stones—where the white variety occurs, and that in that spot the type is never met with. The white variety is so numerous, however, where it occurs, that he has taken as many as fifteen specimens from the same stone. Last year, Mr. F. Taylor, a member of the Manchester Branch, took at Plumstead, Flyalinia nitidula var. helmit and H. rotundata var. alba, both living in large colonies and within circumscribed limits. Mr. Charles Oldham informs me that some years ago he took
J.C., viii., Jan. 1895.
JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM. 7
from a bank in Derbyshire large numbers of Helix concinna var. albida. ‘This year, I took at Disley in Cheshire specimens of Hyalinia cellaria and 7. alltaria, both white, and both from the same bank, and that not thirty feet long. Again, in the same locality last year I found in a pile of bricks, not ten feet square, two specimens of Hyalinza cellaria var. albina, and some type individuals, the shells of which were so light in colour that it was difficult to say whether they were albinos or not. Indeed, though it sounds anomalous to say so, a Hyalinia to be white must have a shade of green. This green appearance is, how- ever, I am of opinion, due more to the composition of the shell than its colouring matter.
There are many more instances of gregarious habits among molluscan albinos, so called, but one will suffice. Captain Farrer has lately taken at Bassenthwaite, Pupa cylindracea var. albina, in considerable quantity. There is a curious point with regard to this particular colony. The mollusca occur upon a wall, which is whitewashed in one part; on that part which is whitewashed, and that only, occur the animals with the white shells, though the type is plentiful on that portion of the wall which is not whitewashed. Captain Farrer is inclined to regard this instance as one of protective colouring. I cannot altogether agree with him. I think the dark body of the mollusc, being very plainly visible through its semi-transparent shell, prohibits the idea that that shell is of much service as a protective agent.
All these facts, I believe, go to prove that albinism amongst mollusca is extremely hereditary. Take the case of Planorbis corneus at Birch. Mr. Standen can remember a few years ago when, out of several hundreds, he did not obtain a single white specimen. Then a few began to appear, and, in succeeding years, the few continually increased, till in 1893 they formed nearly three-fourths of the total. Probably in this case a few albinos, or perhaps a brood of albinos, were produced accidentally, so to speak, and these growing up and coming to maturity have propagated the abnormality, some doubtless, however, reverting
8 JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM.
to the original type. Ina pond everything is in favour of this. The animals cannot, in the generality of cases, leave their habitat, even if they wish to do so, and provided food be plenti- ful there is no reason why they should make the attempt.
As regards land snails, conditions are very similar. The animals do not wander far in search of food as a rule, for every collector knows how certain species, or varieties of species, are found year after year in the same locality, though that locality may be only a few yards across. Single albinos are also frequently taken. Last year I took in the Reddish canal a single specimen of P. corneus var. albina, and, although I searched a whole afternoon most diligently, I was not rewarded with a second. But the conditions in a pond and ina canal are widely different. In the former the inhabitants are cramped into a small space without the opportunity of travelling far, in the latter there are currents, together with unlimited space to rove over, so that no doubt broods of albinos in the latter get widely dispersed, and are prevented from propagating the abnornsality. I believe that an albino is such owing to constitutional deficiency and not on account of its surroundings. Where one finds albinos there are frequently typical individuals living on the same food and under similar conditions.
It is worth while bearing in mind the fact that there are some species of mollusca which normally carry an albino shell, for instance, Carychium minimum and Hyalinia crystallina, and it is possible that such species have been evolved from species having coloured shells in a manner similar to that of the white varieties mentioned above. Most probably, however, the earliest shell-bearing mollusca carried. uncoloured shells, and it is pos- sible that such snails as C. minimum and H. crystallina represent an older form of shell development, and that albinos are a reversion to the original type.
The popular idea is that a shell in order to be an albino must be white. From a scientific point of view this is not necessary. Albinism is lack of colour. Then, a transparent, or,
J.C., vili., Jan. 3895.
JONES: MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM. 9
to speak more correctly, a semi-transparent shell, may possess no colour, yet not be white, and still an albino. The fact is that a shell appears white when it is opaque, because all the rays are reflected from it; it does not appear white when trans- parent, because it allows the rays of light to pass through. These two modifications of albinism can be well studied on a specimen of “4. virgata var. hyalozonata, where they may be seen side by side. Such a thing as a really transparent shell does not exist, but a good test for a semi-transparent one is to lay the specimen ona sheet of white paper—if any colour is seen it is not an albino.
The title of this paper contains the word ‘Tendency.’ By “tendency,” I mean to indicate a general and wide-spread in- clination amongst shells last year to occur lighter in colour than normally. The word ‘tendency’ may also, and more correctly, perhaps, be used to indicate the frequency of albinism proper dur- ing last year. Whether this observed frequency is in reality due to an unusual prevalence of the phenomenon last year, or whether it is an outcome of investigation into the subject, I cannot say. In many cases where the albino variety of shell is found the typical specimens are extremely light in colour. At Birch, for instance, the typical shells are of a light straw or amber colour, which is quite different to the usual condition. Ayalinia cellaria at Disley in Cheshire, and at Matlock, were last year of a very faint yellow colour; A. cel/arta, however, is a shell normally light in colour. Z. g/abra is a shell usually dark, but last year at Disley, and this at Marple, specimens were as light as Hf. cellaria. ‘The locality at Marple is that in which this shell was discovered by Mr. Thomas Rogers, and has naturally been under surveillance for a long time, and it is noteworthy that a light form of this species has never been met with there before. The lightness may be due to one of two causes—the usual amount of pigment granules may be deposited of a lighter colour, or fewer granules of the normal shade may be produced. The fact that these light coloured individuals have been taken
10 JONES : MOLLUSCAN ALBINISM.
living with albinos is significant, but on the original cause I do not care to speculate. In the Reddish canal last year Bythinza tentaculata was taken in many cases abnormally light in colour. The specimens ran, in fact, through every shade from normal to real albinos.
I now append a list of the albino shells taken last year by the members of the Manchester Branch. To make the list more complete, those which have been taken in the present year have been added. Such varieties as wtvina of ZH. excavata and viridula of H. alliaria, are included as at any rate the nearest approach to albinism in those species.
Those specimens taken in 1894 are marked with an asterisk.
Hyalinia cellaria, Disley, Cheshire, K. H. Jones ; Bassenth- waite, Cumberland, W. J. Farrer. (?) H. glabra. Disley, Cheshire ; Marple, Cheshire,* K. H.
Jones.
H. alliaria. Disley, K. H. Jones; Co. Donegal,* R. Standen. H. nitidula. Oban, G. W. Chaster ; Port Salon, Co. Donegal,
R. Standen; Plumstead, F. Taylor.
H. excavata. Disley, Cheshire, K. H. Jones; Bassenth- waite, W. J. Farrer. Helix rotundata. Matlock, Derbyshire, K. H. Jones ; Port
Salon, R. Standen ; Oban, J. R. Hardy ; Bassenthwaite,*
W. J. Farrer. . ; H. aculeata. Oban, J. R. Hardy and R. Standen; Bassenth-
waite, W. J. Farrer. i H. hortensis. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.
H. arbustorum. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.
H. cantiana. W. J. Farrer.
H. rufescens. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.
H. hispida. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer; Matlock, K. H.
Jones.
H. itala. W. J. Farrer: Co. Donegal,* R. Standen.
J.C., viii., Jan. 185.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. I!
H. caperata. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer. Pupa anglica. W. J. Farrer; Isle of Man,* R. Cairns and W. Moss.
P. cylindracea. Keswick, Cumberland,* W. J. Farrer ; Isle of Man,* R. Cairns and W. Moss.
P. muscorum. Port Salon, R. Standen.
Vertigo pusilla. Port Salon, R. Standen.
Clausilia laminata. Helmsley, Yorkshire,* W. J. Farrer. Cochlicopa lubrica. Bassenthwaite, W. J. Farrer.
Planorbis corneus. Ashton-under-Lyne, R. Cairns and W. Moss; Birch, K. H. Jones and R. Standen ; Gorton, K. H. Jones; Reddish canal, K. H. Jones.
P. carinatus. Reddish canal, K. H. Jones; Little Tarn, Cumberland, W. J. Farrer.
Ancylus fluviatilis. W. J. Farrer, W. Moss, and R. Cairns. Velletia lacustris. W. Moss and R. Cairns.
In conclusion, it only remains to offer my best thanks to those who have so kindly placed their observations at my disposal, especially my friends Mr. R. Standen and Captain W. J. Farrer.
—_—__—_-0-¢—___
On the occurrence of Pulsellum lofotense Sars. in the Irish Sea. During the summer I receive! from my friend, Mr. R. Cairns, of Ashton- under-Lyne, who was then staying at Peel, Isle of Man, a quantity of mud brought up by a trawler from a depth of 60 fathoms, about five miles North- West of that place. An examination of this yielded six live examples of Pulsellum lofotense (the Siphodentalinm lofotense of Jeffrey’s ‘ British Conchology’). The specimens are all of small size, the largest measuring only ‘og inch in length. The nearest locality recorded for the species is, I believe, the Clyde district, in which Mr. David Robertson obtained a few examples. —G. W. CHASTER, Southport. (/eead before the Manchester Branch of the Conchological Society, November 8th, 1894).
Vertigo substriata Jeff. var. albina. A beautiful live specimen of this variety—which I presume is a new British record, if not new to science altogether—was taken by Captain W. J. Farrer near Bassenthwaite last summer, and exhibited by me at the Branch Meeting on October 11th, 1894.—R. STANDEN (Hon. Sec. Manchester Branch).
12 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PROCEEDINGS.
226th (or ANNUAL) MEETING, SATURDAY, 9th JUNE, 1894. Held at the Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester. At 3 p.m. there was an Exhibition of specimens by members, the ex- hibitors being as follows :— Exhibits :
By the President, Mr. W. E. Hoyle: A series of objects illustrating his address, comprising (@) Micro-sections of Gills of Anodon, Arca, Nucula, Pecten, Cuspidaria, and Mytilus shown under a number of microscopes ; (4) Dissections of the same showing position of Gills, illustrative of Pelseneer’s system of classification ; and (c) a selection of Shells from the principal families of Bivalves. showing the various forms of hinge upon which Neumayr’s system is based. All these exhibits were accompanied by explanatory drawings and diagrams.
By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A drawer containing a fine series of JZiilleria lobata D’Orb. from Bogota, and Ztherta caillaudi Fér. from the Nile Cataracts ; and a drawer of Helices from Australia.
By Mr. E. H. McConnell: Achatinelle and Helicine from Sandwich Islands.
By Rev. H. Glanville Barnacle: Land Shells from Somali-land.
By Mr. Ed. Collier: A drawer of varieties of Helix nemoralis and H. hor- fensis, and a drawer of exotic Succinea, Vitrina, Helix, Buliminus, Bulimulus, and others, also a fine series of varieties of Helix virgata.
By Mr. Chas. Oldham: The fine collection of British J.and and Freshwater Shells presented by him to the Cabinet of the Branch.
By Mr. Thos. Rogers: A collection of Tasmanian Land Shells.
By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A fine collection of British and Foreign Tellina.
By Mr. G. W. Chaster: /das argenteus Jeff., Cocculina spinigera Jeff., Cryptodon incrassatus Jeff., Astyris haliceti Jeff., Cyclostrema levigatum Jeff., Ukko turtont Bean, and monst. scalariforme; Pulsellum quinguan- gulare Forbes, Portlandia frigida Torell, and other rare British Marine Mollusca,
By Mr. W. Moss: Land and Freshwater Shells from Trinidad, including a fine series of Bulimus oblongus, adult, young, and eggs; Ampullaria urceus and effusa, with specimens of the pretty green eggs of the latter ; Marisa cornu-arietis, Cyclotus translucidus, Unio leotaudi, Guppya hivida, Simpulopsis corrugata, and many others. Also a fine series of photographs of small mollusca and of radulz.
By Mr. R. Standen: Fighty species of Foreign Scalaria, and the four
British species, S. communis, S. turtone, S. trevelyana and S. clathratula, from many localities.
J.C., vill. Jan. 1895.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOIJ.OGICAL SOCIETY. 13
By the Manchester Museum: Two specimens of Vautilus stenomphalas, with the animal, from Lifu ; and a collection of Foreign Tellina.
At 5 p.m. the members partook of tea in the College Refectory.
At 6 p.m. the Annual Meeting was held in the Natural History Lecture Theatre, Owens College.
Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., F.R.S.E., etc., President, in the chair. There were present the following members—Messrs. P. B. Mason, F.L.S., V.P. ; Edward Collier and Charles Oldham, members of Council; R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., and Robert Standen, President and Secretary of the Manchester Branch; Thomas Hey, John Hill, R. Cairns, Wm. Moss, A. Leicester, L. St. G. Byne, E. C. Stump, K. Hurlstone Jones, Rev. H. G. Barnacle, A. T. Daniel, M.A., Thos. Rogers, etc., and also a large number of members of the Manchester Branch, anc a few other visitors.
The minutes of the 225th Meeting were taken as read, and confirmed.
Appointment of Scrutineers :
Messrs. Edward Collier and R. Cairns were appointed to examine the voting-papers sent in.
Annual Reports:
The Annual Report of the Council (which had previously been circu- lated in proof among the members present) was read by Mr. Robt. Standen, acting on behalf of the Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. (who was unavoidably prevented from attending) ; and on the motion of Mr. P. B. Mason, F.L.S., seconded by Mr. Alfred Leicester, was unani- mously adopted.
The Treasurer’s report for 1893 (as printed at page 355 of the Journal of Conchology for April, 1894) was also adopted by an unanimous vote, on the motion of Mr. Thomas Rogers.
The report of the Manchester Branch was read by Mr. Robert Standen, its Secretary, and adopted.
Election of Office-Bearers :
The Scrutineers reported that twenty-six voting papers had been sent in, of which twenty-five being unmarked were valid, and that the choice had fallen unanimously upon the following :—
For PRESIDENT :
Mr. Joun W. Taytor, F.L.S. For VICE-PRESIDENTS : Mr. WiLL1AM E. Hoyur, M.A., F.R.S.E. ; Mr. P. B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S. ; Mr. Joun R. B. MaAsEFIELD, M.A. ; Rev. R. Booc Watson, LL.D., F.R.S.E. For Hon. TREASURER: Mr. LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. For Hon. SECRETARY AND RECORDER: Mr. W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S. For Hon. CURATOR: Mr.’ WILLIAM NELSON,
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
For Hon. LIBRARIAN: Mr. HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S.
For the CouNCIL: Mr. B. StuRGES Dopp; Mr. JoHN H. James, A.R.I. Cornw. ; Mr. Epcar L. Layvarp, C.M.G., F.Z.S.; Mr. J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A,, F.L.S. ; Rev. Joun McMurtrigz, D.D., M.A. ; Mr. R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.
These members were thereupon declared to have been duly elected to serve the respective offices for the year 1894-95.
Proposed Transfer of Head-Quarters of Society:
On the motion of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., seconded by Mr. Edw. Collier, it was unanimously resolved to ask the incoming Council to consider the question of the proposed transfer of the society’s head- quarters from Leeds to Manchester.
Place of next Annual Meeting:
An invitation having been sent by the Leeds members, it was resolved that the next annual meeting be held in Leeds at such a date as might suit the convenience of the newly-elected President, and that the thanks of the society be tendered to the Leeds members for their invitation.
The Presidential Address was then delivered by the retiring President, Mr. W. E. Hoyle, M.A., etc., who took as his subject ‘ The Classification of the Pelecypoda.’
At the conclusion of the address it was proposed by Mr. Alfred Leicester, seconded by Mr. P. B. Mason, F.L.S., supported by Mr. R. D. Darbi- shire, B.A., F.G.S., and unanimously resolved, that the best thanks of the society be tendered to the retiring President for his services during the year and the able address just delivered. :
On the motion of Mr. Darbishire, thanks were also voted to the authori- ties of Owens College for the use of the museum buildings for the annual meeting, as also for the facilities they show to the Manchester Branch in respect of a place of meeting, and in other ways.—W. D.R. from notes by R.S.
+o
ANNUAIE REE Ohi aar Oi arcoce
The report now presented is for an unusually short year of nine months, in which the Society has kept up its customary quiet and steady progress. The membership is now 205, composed of 10 honorary life members, 12 ordinary members resident abroad, and 183 ordinary members on the home list.
Eight new ordinary members have been elected during the year, while twelve have resigned, one has died and several have been struck off for non- payment of subscriptions and arrears.
J-C., viii., Jan. 1895.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15
The member of whom the Society has been deprived by death is the veteran naturalist the Rev. George Gordon, LL.D., of Elgin, whose name will ever be honourably associated with the development of natural science in the north of Scotland, and for his own herculean share of work done in investigating the Fauna and Flora of the province of Moray.
In this connection mention should be made of the great loss which our science has sustained in the death of Mr. Charles Ashford, for although he was never actually a member of the Society, he was an anatomist and con- chologist with whom very few if any could compare in the accuracy and fidelity of his work.
Eight meetings have been held since the last Annual one, all of them in Leeds, and a large number of interesting exhibits have been made at all the meetings.
The following papers and notes have been read :—
R. Standen & J. Ray Hardy—‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
Oban and the Island of Lismore.’
Rey. S. Spencer Pearce, M.A. and Arthur Mayfield—‘The Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of Kast Norfolk.’
G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S.—‘ Marine Shells of South Africa.’
G. W. Chaster and W. H. Heathcote—‘ Dredging at Oban.’
R. F. Scharff, Ph.D.—Short Notes on a Method of ‘ Distinguishing Zémax maximus and L. aréorum, and on a New Mode of Killing Mollusks in an Extended Condition.’
A. T. Daniel, M.A.—‘ Hydrobia jenkinsé in an inland locality.’
R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S.—‘ Note on Some Molluscan Remains lately observed in the English Keuper.’
Edgar Leopold Layard, C.M.G., F.Z.S.—‘ Mimicry in Mollusca.’
John W. Taylor, F’.L.S.—‘ Occurrence of a Sinistral Example of Szccznea oblonga in South Perthshire.’
Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.—‘ Note on the Genus Ba/ea.’
Lionel E, Adams, B.A.—‘ Hydrobia ( Paludestrina) jenkinsi at Lewes.’ J. T. Marshall—‘ Additions to British Conchology.—Addenda.’
All these papers have been, or will shortly be, published in the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ and it will be seen from the list given that the members’ attention is devoted to all branches of the science.
Three numbers of the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ have been issued during the past year, the contents of which show that it is still worthy of its position as the most important English periodical devoted to the study of the mollusca. :
The arrangements for its issue made with the Editor in 1889 will continue to be in force till the end of the volume now publishing. Your Council are engaged in negotiations with the Editor respecting the future conduct of the Journal, and the terms on which future volumes are to be issued.
The Society’s collections which are deposited in the Museum at Leeds, have received numerous interesting additions during the year. Special
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
attention may be called to some of the donations, as follows :—Shells illus- trative of new county records for Scotland from Mrs. Carphin, Mr. Thomas Scott, F.L.S., Mr. Lionel Hinxman, Rev. W. Turner, Mr. Alex. Shaw, and Mr. T. W. Evans; fine series of shells from Nottinghamshire and Gloucester- shire, from Mr. A. G. Stubbs ; a series of Corsican shells from Dr. R. F. Scharff; and of Madeiran shells from his brother, Mr. W. FE. Scharff; and other donations from Mr. J. G. Milne, T. F. Burrows, and Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.1..S.
Donations in money towards the Cabinet Fund have been received from Dr. Scharff, Mr. J. G. Milne, Mr. W. Whitwell, Rev. Carleton Green, Mr. H. Coates, and Mr. J. B. Dixon. Further contributions will be acceptable.
The Library (which has been moderately used during the year) has in- creased during the nine months by various donations and purchases. The donors have been Dr. R. Bergh, Mr. W. H. Dall, Leeds Public Library, Dr. Scharff, Mr. Brazier, Rev. G. Gordon, Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Canon Norman, and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, in addition to the various journals and transactions received in exchange for the ‘Journal of Con- chology.’
In conclusion your Council have a matter of some importance tc bring before the members viz :—a proposal that the head-quarters and general management of the Society be transferred from Leeds to Manchester. The proposal is one that has been informally and spontaneously made by the Leeds members of the Council, by whom the Society was founded and un- interruptedly carried on for the space of eighteeen years with the success that we all know, and it has been accepted by the Manchester members, the transfer to be made at the next succeeding Annnal Meeting, subject to the approval of the Society. It was the decided wish of the Leeds members, by whom the heat and burden of the day had been borne for so many years, and particularly of your secretary, that transfer be made at once, but they have been prevailed upon to retain their respective offices for another year.
The Treasurer’s Report and Balance Sheet, which in accordance with the resolution passed at the last annual meeeting, has been made out and duly audited for the calendar year ending 31st Dec. last, and have been already printed in the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ (pp. 353-355) will be submitted for approval, as also will the report of the Manchester Branch.
REPORT or tHe MANCHESTER BRAN Gre
JUNE oth, 1894.
Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN : I am pleased to report that the interest shown by members in the pro- ceedings at our monthly meetings is unabated and very gratifying, and the attendance at each meeting has been extremely good.
Several excursions have been made to places around Manchester, result- ing in some important additions to our local records.
J.C,, viil., Jan. 1895,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 The exhibits at each meeting have been numerous and varied, embracing a wide range of subjects of considerable interest locally and geographically.
Some valuable papers have been read, the interest of which has been enhanced by their being fully illustrated by the exhibition of the shells dealt with in the several communications.
The following is a list of the principal papers contributed :—
By Capt. W. J. Farrer—‘ Notes on the Habits of certain North American Mollusca.’
By Mr. Edward Collier—‘ On the Geographical Distribution of the Genus Placostylus.’
By Mr. Hugh Fulton—‘ On the Genus Pleurotomaria.’
By Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill and R. Standen—‘ On a Collection of Marine Shells from the Loyalty Islands.’
By Mr. K. Hurlstone Jones—‘ On Albinism in Mollusca, with Observations
on the Tendency to the Phenomenon during 1893.’
The donations to our Cabinet have been very numerous and valuable. To Mr. Chas. Oldham we are especially indebted for the gift of his whole collection of British land and freshwater shells, which, besides being com- plete as to species, is also very rich in varietal and local forms, and remark- able for the extreme beauty of the specimens, which have been selected and preserved with the utmost care, and neatly mounted by the donor, so as to be readily available for reference.
The conchological collection in the Manchester Museum is becoming one of very considerable extent, and affords valuable material for the student and collector. The keeper has reported from time to time the additions made during the year. These have been exhibited to the members, and the most notable of them are the following :—-(a), an extensive series of Placo- styli from New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands; (4), a large collection of Helicide from South America and India, containing many rare species ; (c), a collection of marine, land and freshwater shells made in the Loyalty Islands by the Rev. James Hadfield; (d), a collection of marine shells from Norway, named by Prof. G. O. Sars, and presented by Dr. Fridtjof Nansen; (e), a collection of Cy/ndrellide from Jamaica; and (/), a fine series of Tellina.
A number of useful conchological works have been presented to the Library of the branch by various members and friends.
The approaching completeness, so far as the collection at present ex- tends, of the catalogue of works of natural history, and with especial reference to the sub-kingdom of the mollusca, in the Library of the Museum is anxiously to be welcomed. This Library is open to the public on application to the keeper, and will be found of very great value to the collector and the student.
Rh. STANDEN, Hon. Sec., Manchester Branch.
~~ -@+@—___
18
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
LIST OF Vi VSI:
(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member,
who has compounded for his subscription).
HMONORARY MEMBERS
(Limited to ten in number).
Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rud., Vestregade, Copenhagen.
Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Cossmann, Maurice, Ingénieur-chef des services techniques du chemin de fer du Nord, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.
Crosse, Hippolyte, Rue Tronchet, 25, Paris.
Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main.
Martens, Dr. Eduard von, C.M.Z.S., Paulstrasse, Berlin, N. W.
Nelson, William, Gandy Row, Crossgates, Leeds.
Philippi, Dr. R. A., Director del Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile.
Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
Simroth, Dr. Heinrich, Gohlis, Leipzig.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Adams, Gerald Wheatley, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Elmfield, 241, Moseley Road, Birmingham.
Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., 77, St. Giles Street, Northampton.
Agius, Paul, B.A., 106, Strada Reale, Valetta, Malta.
Alletsee, Albert Gregory, 40, Milward Crescent, Hastings, Sussex.
Ancey, César Felix, Membre de la Société Malacologique de France, Member of Colorado Biological Association, Membre de la ‘Societas Entomologica’ de Zurich, etc., Administrateur- Adjoint, Boghari, Algeria.
Arnold, Bernard, Milton Lodge, Gravesend.
Bailey, Rev. George, F.R.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex.
Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.
Baker, Arthur Edwin, 1, Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham.
Barnacle, Rey. HH. Glanville; M:A., V.NVA.S., The Vicarage; Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O.
Beckett, James Benjamin, 11, Lancaster Road, Great Yarmouth.
Bell, Alfred, 78, Wells Street, Oxford Street, London.
Bendall, Wilfrid, 77, Baker Street, Portman Square, London, W.
sostock, Edwin D., Tixall Lodge, Tixall, Stafford.
Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.. Curacoa House, $2, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S. W.
Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Glen View, Gledholt, Huddersfield.
Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow.
Burkill, Isaac Henry, B.A., Caius College, Cambridge.
Burrows, Thomas F., 4, Wellington Road, Newark-on-Trent.
Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley.
Byne, Loftus St. George, 5, Sea View Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon.
J.C., viti., Jan. 18y5.
1891. 1893. 1878. 1892. 1887. 1889.
1893. 1886. 1885.
1880.
1892. 1886. 1888.
1892. 1890.
1889. 1886. 1888.
1893.
1879. 1886. 1888.
1888. 1888. 1892.
1893. 1886.
1889.
1888. 1892. 1886. 1892. 1891. 1884. 1888. 1886. 1889.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, age)
Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 52, India Street, Edinburgh.
Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 26, Mayfield Terrace, Halifax.
Champ, Henry, c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland St., Manchester.
Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Bedale, Yorkshire.
Christy, Robert Miller, F.1..5., Pryors, Broomfield, near Chelms- ford, Essex.
Clark, James, M.A., Ph.D., Ass. R.C.S., Yorkshire College, Leeds.
Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth.
@ockerell, TP. Ds A., F:Z-S:; PSE.s:, Agricultural College) Was Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Collier, Edwd., 1, Heather Bank, Moss Lane East, Oxford Road, Manchester.
Cooper, James Eddowes, 93, Southwood Lane, Highgate, London, N.
Coulson, Frank, Greenhead Brewery, Greenhead, Glasgow.
Cox, Chas. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.R.C.S., San Remo. Chelston, Torquay.
Craven, Henry Ernest, West Cliff Pharmacy, Whitby.
Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.
Crawshaw, Rev. C., Opal House, Emerald St., Saltburn-by-the-Sea.
Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton.
Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex.
Crowther, Henry, F.R.M.S., The Museum, Leeds; and 52, Bru- denell Mount, Hyde Park, Leeds.
Cundall, J. W., 21, Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol.
DaCosta, Solomon J., 2, Craven Hill, London.
Dale, Henry F., A.A., B.Sc., F.R.G.S., F.R.M.S., F.Z.S., F-E.S., etc., Post Office, Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A.
Dale, (Mrs.) Violet, P.O., Estabrook, Park Co., Colorado, U.S.A.
Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Rd., Torquay, Devonshire.
Daniel, Arthur Trevelyan, M.A., Richmond Terrace, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent.
Daniel, Frederic E., M.D., 141, Abbey Road, Barrow-in-Furness.
Darbishire, Robert D., B.A., Victoria Park, Manchester.
Dawson, Oswald, Seacroft, Leeds; and Albion Walk Chambers, Leeds.
Dewick, Rev. Edward S., M.A., 26, Oxford Square, London, W.
Dixon, James Bassett, 15, Bushell Place, Preston.
Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham.
Eccles, John Christopher, 20, Winckley Square, Preston.
Elgar, Hubert, 3, St. Michael’s Terrace, Fant Road, Maidstone, Kent.
Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
Evans, (Mrs.) A., sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud.
Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants.
Falloon, (Mrs.) Barbara J., Christchurch Vicarage, Dover.
20
1801. 1890.
1884. 1886.
1888, 1892. 1886.
1887.
1889. 1887. 1887. 1886. 1886.
1890.
1890. 1892.
1886.
1891.
1886. 1888.
1887.
1887.
1889.
1887.
1891.
1891. 1887.
1880.
1888. 1892. 1878.
1887. 1887.
1893.
1886. 1888. 1886. 18o1. 1884. 1892.
1886,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.
Fierke, Frederick Wm., 52, Francis Street West, Hull.
Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.
Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone, Kent.
Fortune, Riley, F.Z.S., Ravensgill, Franklin Mount, Harrogate.
Fulton, Hugh, 216, King’s Road, Chelsea, London, S. W.
Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark, Notts.
Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, M.D., 65, Strada Vescovo, Valletta, Malta.
Gaskell, Roger, M.A., 5, The Grove, Highgate, London, N.
Gatto, Alfred Caruana, B.A., 59, Strada Levante, Valetta, Malta.
Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., etc., Accrington, Lancashire.
Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.
Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Great Barford Vicarage, St. Neots.
Grocock, Leonard Oakley, 21, Beckenham Road, Penge, London.
Gude, G. K., 5, Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Guppy, R. J. Lechmere, 26, Queen’s Terrace, Port of Spain, Trinidad.
Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
Hadow, Gerald Elliot, M.A., South Cerney Vicarage, Cirencester.
Hagger, John, F.L.S., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent.
Halstead, John J., 19, Millholme Terrace, Carlisle.
Hanley, Sylvanus, F.L.S., Hanley Road, Ilornsey Road, London, N.
lfargreaves, J. A., 40, Ramskill Road, Scarborough, Yorkshire.
Hartley, Alfred, 14, Croft Street, Idle, near Bradford, Yorkshire.
Harvard, T. Mawson, 16, Radford Road, Hither Green. Lewisham, London, S.F.
Hawell, Rev. John, M.A., Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow, Middles- brough.
Hawes, Alfred, Penistone, Yorkshire.
Heathcote, Wm. Henry, 47, Frenchwood Street, Preston.
Hedworth, Thos. H., 1, Railway Terr., Dunston, Gateshead-on-Tyne.
Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury.
Henshall, Joseph, Ivy Cottage, Barton-on-Irwell, near Manchester.
Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey.
Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.
Hey, Rev. Wm. Croser. M.A., Derwent House, West Ayton, Seamer, York.
Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.
Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.
Hodgson, (Mrs.) Julia, Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard. Beds.
Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.
Horsley, Rev. J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.
Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.
Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.S.A., ete, Bentcliffe House, Eccles, Manchester.
Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.Sc., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Keeper of the Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.
, J.C., vili., Jan. 1895.
1883. 1886.
1801. 1894.
1888. 1889.
1887. 1889. 1879.
1894. 1892.
1878. 1886. 1889. 1886.
1887. 1SOI. 1889. 1885. 1886. 1884. 1885. 1887. 1887. 1888.
1889. 1880.
1891. 1888. 1870. 1891. 1891. 1891. 1887. rsol.
1890. 1891.
1887.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21
Hudson, Baker, Public Library, Middlesbrough-on-Tees.
James, John H., A.R.I.Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro, Cormwall.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes.
Jones, Kenneth Hurlstone, St. Bride’s Rectory, Old Trafford, Manchester.
Jones, Wm. Jas., jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N.
Jordan, H. K., F.G.S.. The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, Monmouthshire.
Kew, HW. Wallis, F.Z.S., 3, Topsfield Rd., Crouch End, London, N.
Knight, G. A. Frank, M.A., Rosenlaui, Bearsden, Glasgow.
Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S.. F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester, Essex.
Lawson, Peter, 11, The Broadway, Walham Green, London, S.W.
Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S., etce., Otterbourne, Bud- leigh Salterton, South Devon.
Leicester, Alfd., 1, Priory Gardens, Weld Rd., Birkdale, Southport.
Lightwood, James T., Hope House, Lytham, Lancashire.
Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham, Middlesex.
Lowe, Edward Joseph, D.L.,].P., F.R.S., F.L.S.,F.G.S.,F.R.A.S., etc., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow, Monmouthshire.
Luther, S. M., Garretsville, Ohio, U.S.A.
Lyons, Lady, Kilbrough, Swansea, Glamorganshire.
MacAndrews, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire.
McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.
McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 5, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.
Madison. James, 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.
Marquand, Emest D., Fermain House, Guernsey.
Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay, Devonshire.
Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.
Mason, Philip Brooke, J.P., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Trent House, Burton-on-Trent.
Mayfield, Arthur, 88, Stafford Street, Norwich.
Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook House, Prestwich, Manchester.
Middleton, Robert, Gledhow, near Leeds.
Milne, J. Grafton, Mansfield Eiouse, Canning Town, London, E.
Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Winster Vicarage, near Derby.
Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
Morris, Cecil Herbert, Lewes, Sussex.
Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Newstead, A. H. L., B.A.Cantab., Roseacre, Epping.
Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 7, Melrose Gardens, West Kensington Park, London, W.
Nicholson, John, Chapeltown, Pudsey, Yorkshire.
Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F-R.S., F.L.S., etc., Burnmoor Rectory, Fence Houses, Durham.
North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Monkgate, York.
22
1887. 1889. 1882. 1887. 1886.
1892. 1886. 1885. 1888. 1886. 1887.
1885. 1887. 1888.
1888.
O
1886. 1893. 1892. 1893. 1877.
1893. 1886. 1893. 1887. 1892. 1884. 1886. 1886.
1892.
1894.
1886
1887.
1886. 1892. 1886. 1888.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Oldham, Charles, Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire.
Paling, Albert, B.A., B.Sc., Middlesex Hospital, London.
Parke, George H., F.L.S., F.G.S., St. John’s, Wakefield.
Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Wood- stock. Oxfordshire.
Petch, Tom, B.A., Hedon, near Hull.
Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S.W.
Quilter, Henry E., 34, Sparkenhoe Street, Leicester.
Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Ramage, John, Thistle Street, Dundee, Forfarshire, N.B.
Reader, Thomas W., F.G.S., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury, London, N.
Redding. J. Roland, 31, Belvedere Road, Dublin.
Renton, Robert, Fans Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire, N.B.
Rhodes, Frederick, 16, Moorland Place, Leeds Road, Bradford, Yorkshire.
Robertson, David, LL.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., Fernbank, Millport, Great Cumbrae, N.B.
Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds.
Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester.
Roseburgh, John, 54, Market Street, Galashiels.
Rosevear, John Burman, 113, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W.
Rufford, Philip James, 1, Gloucester Place, The Croft, Hastings.
Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.R.I.A., Curator of the Natural History Museum, Dublin ; 9, Leeson Park, Dublin.
Scharff, W. E., Hillcrest, Ripon Road, Harrogate.
Scott, Thomas, F.L.S., 14, Lorne Street, Leith, N.B.
Shackleford, Lewis John, Ripley College, Ripley, Deibyshire.
Shaw, Alexander, 154, New City Road, Glasgow.
Shillito, John G., 20, Elmore Road, Sheffield.
Skilton, (Mrs.) Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.
Smart, Rev. R. W. J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, N. Devon.
Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Nat. History Museum, South Kensington, London, W.
Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth Street, Topsham, Exeter. :
Smith, Wm. Chas.,Vanston Ho., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, Fulham, London, S.W.
. Z Somerville, Alexander, B.Sc., F.1..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead,
Glasgow. Somerville, Rev. James E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S.,121, Fulham Rd., London,S. W. Span, Bartlet, Heywood Mount, Tenby, South Wales. Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester. Stanley, Frederick, Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate, Kent.
J.C., viti., Jan. 1895.
1886. 1888. 1888.
1885. 1890. 1893. 1888. 1886. 1887.
O
1886. 1886. 1880. 1886. 1890. 1891. 1885. 1886.
1888. 1886. 1893. 1859. 1801.
1890,
1893. .£ Woodward, Bernard B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 131, The Grove,
1886
1886. 1895.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 23
Steel, James, (Glass Stainer), 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow.
Sturup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowdon, near Manchester.
Storrs, Rev. George Godwyn, B.A., Glen Holme, Crosslanes, Clare- mont Avenue, Woking.
Storey, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s, High School, Cardiff.
Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, 9, Park View, Gloucester.
Stump, Edward Constadine, 16, Herbert St., Moss Side, Manchester.
Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., 9, Belvedere, Weymouth, Dorsetshire.
Taylor, (Miss) Helen J.., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby.
Taylor, J. M., Free Museum, Paisley, Renfrewshire. N.B.
Tayior, John W., F.L.S., Spring Bank. Horsforth, Leeds.
Tomlin, J. R. Brockton. B.A., 59, Liverpool Road, Chester.
Turner, Rev. Wm., 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh.
Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Kichmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.
Viner, C. W., M.A., Ph. D.. 9, Seymour Street, Bath.
Warren, (Miss) Amy, Moyview, Ballina, Co. Mayo, Ireland.
Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, ]etroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge.
Watson, Rev. Robert Boog, LL.D., B-A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Free Church Manse. Cardross, Dumbartonshire.
Whatmore, Charles A., Much Marcle, Herefordshire.
Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W.
Williams, Ernest W., Boif Street, Bridgetown, Barbados, B.W.I.
Williams, John M., 4, Exchange Alley, Liverpool.
Williamson, Rev. Charles Arthur, M.A., 14, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.
Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
Wood, Chas. Ed., 41, Darlington Street, Wolverhampton.
Ealing, London, W. Wotton, F. W., 43, Sotheby Road, Highbury, London, N. Wright, Charles East, Orchard View, Kettering.
oe
Helix aspersa Miill., m. sinistrorsum Taylor.—At the September
meeting of the Manchester Branch a fine specimen of this monstrosity was
exhibited by Mr. J. Ray Hardy. He had found it in a collection of shells
recently acquired by him, formerly belonging to an old Manchester collector,
and it bore a label with ‘ Morecambe, 1841,’ upon it. This is interesting
from the fact of its being the second record for Lancashire ; the first being
the specimen taken in Whalley churchyard during an excursion of the Branch in 1889.—R. STANDEN (Hon. Sec. Manchester Branch).
———_—$-@-@—___
24 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’
By J. T. MARSHALL.
(Read before the Conchological Society, August 22nd, 1894).
In a paper which appeared in the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ for October, 1893, on ‘‘ Additions to ‘ British Conchology,’” I expressed my intention of writing a second and supplementary one on some of the changes of nomenclature and classification which have been proposed or adopted since the publication of that excellent work—with many reservations, however. ‘These proposed alterations are of such a nature and extent as would, if carried out, wholly revolutionise British conchology as laid down in our standard works, and as generally accepted by British naturalists. That many obvious changes are necessary and even imperative is, of course, admitted; some due to original error, and others to more light having been thrown on certain groups and species. But it is possible to overdo this. At the same time, every writer has a perfect right to propose, reject, or adopt any system of nomenclature or of classification he pleases ; there is no law to the contrary, and no arbiter to decide which shall prevail. In science, we have not yet reached that happy stage when rival and conflicting views can, like those of a coal or a cab strike, be referred to a board of arbitration.
The following notes are therefore offered only as a modest contribution to a rectification and modification of some palpable errors, and of changes that may fairly be considered absolutely necessary in arranging any new British List.
I hope in a further paper to give a list of the additional localities, which have been recorded for British marine shells since the publication of ‘ British Conchology.’ These are very numerous, embracing as they do a period exceeding a quarter-of-a-century.
J.C., viil., Jan. 1895.
MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 25
Argiope capsula Jeff. ‘ Professor King proposed to make this species the type of a new genus, which he named Gwynia, out of compliment to me; but although I duly appreciate the intended honour, I cannot conscientiously accept it. Although the species is unquestionably distinct from the foregoing (4. ciste//ula), it may be the young of A. neapolitana.’-—Jeffreys, ‘B. C.,’ vol. ii, p. 22.
The identity of this species as a good one is now well established, and the use of Gzwyza as a sub-genus (not genus) is generally adopted. ‘The shell is quite unlike Argiope, either internally or externally. The animal is undescribed, and although I have taken many specimens tn situ at different times, its sluggishness or temerity, to say nothing of its minuteness, renders it difficult to examine. I have watched them for days, but could never observe the slightest movement in them.
Lamellibranchiata Blainville. Mr. Edgar Smith, in the ‘Challenger’ Report, has suggested, and on very excellent grounds, that ‘the name Pe/ecyfoda given to this section of mollusca by Goldfuss ought to be used in preference to that of Lamellibranchiata Bl. Not only has it priority, but it is more in conformity with the nomenclature of the other classes of mollusca—the Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Gastropoda, &c.
and points to the modification of one of the most important organs (that of locomotion) of the animals.’
Pecten testz Bivona (1836), according to Monterosato, in his ‘Nomenclatura,’ is P. czcomparabilis Risso (1826), and the latter should therefore take precedence.
P. testze var. suborbicularis Jeff. I think this variety should now be expunged from the list, thirty years having elapsed without adding to the single valve on which it was founded.
P. septemradiatus Mill. The Ostrea pes-lutre of Linne. ‘The Linnean name appears to have been first recognised
26 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’
and adopted by the late Mr, Gay in 858, but the var. dumastt agrees more nearly with Linne’s description.’— Jeffreys, ‘Lightning’ Report.
It is now generally conceded that P. septemradiatus Mull. is a variety only of the type, the type being what English collectors have hitherto called var. dumasii Payr. The latter should therefore be called P. fes-lutre J.., and the former P. fes-lutre var. septemradiatus Miill.
Lima elliptica var. leviuscula Jeff. The author fell into an error in making this a variety. He observes that ‘although evidently immature, it differs from the young of the typical form in being destitute of ribs.’ These speci- mens are about a line in length, and are dredged in very fine sand in deep water. But if compared with adult examples from similar ground and depth, it will be observed that the region of the umbones in the adult is quite smooth, and the shell generally thinner and less strongly ribbed than those from shallower water. I have specimens from the Minch, 70 fathoms; the Sound of Sleat, 85 fathoms ; and other localities in the Hebrides, with the umbonal area perfectly smooth, clearly indicating that this variety is the young stage of a thinner form. The very young of Z. loscombii are also smooth.
Leda pygmeea Miinst. Philippi assigned his Vucula tenuts to the WV. pygmea of Von Miinster, but that is a different species, and fossil, so that Phillipi’s name ¢enw7s should stand for this species. (See ‘ Lightning’ Report, p. 577) Both names are inappropriate to the species, and especially that of evs, as there is not only some confusion between the genera Wucula and Leda, but there is already a well- known Mucula tenuis.
Mr. Edgar Smith has substituted Wuculana for Leda on account of the priority of the former by some years, and Dr. Morch agrees with him. Mr. Dall, on the other hand, claims Miculana for a group only of Leda,
JE@iy Villy, Jans eos.
MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 27
retaining the latter name for another group. As the difference between these authorities arises as to the correct rendering of a deceased author’s (Link’s) German defini- tion, it seems inadvisable to change a well-established name for one which is in doubt.
Kellia cycladia 5S. Wood. This was definitively assigned to the genus Axvinus by Jeffreys in the ‘Lightning’ Report. It is the Porvomya subtrigona of Sowerby’s Index (plate ix.), and Kellia cycladia of his Supplementary Plate. Both these figures, however, differ from that of ‘ British Con- chology,’ and neither of the three are good. Sowerby’s figure of Ked/ia cycladia (plate xxv.) is quite unlike, but that under the name of Poromya subtrigona (plate ix.) is better, and the best of the three. Jeffreys’ figure has the beaks too obtuse.
Artarte sulcata var. incrassata Brocchi (1814) should be altered to A. sudcata var. fusca Poli (1791).
Tapes pullastra Mont. is the northern form of Z. geographi- cus Chem., a Mediterranean species. ‘The latter is much smaller, and the ‘geographical’ markings which give it its name are usually spread over the whole shell, instead of, as in ours, being confined to the posterior end ; but they are otherwise identical. The proper name for the British form should be 7: gcographicus var. pullastra Mont., but in the absence of the former species from our ‘coasts, British collectors may prefer to retain Montagu’s specific name.
Solecurtus candidus Renier. Considerable doubt being entertained as to this being Renier’s species, recent writers have not followed it, but adopted mostly that of S. muddi- striatus Scacchi. ‘Turton’s Psammobia scopula, however, published in 1822, has priority over all other names.
Pandora inzequivalvis var. obtusa Jeff. Jeffreys admits that this was described by Montagu as Solex pinna, but he gives no reason for re-describing it as var. obtusa, and it is only right that Montagu’s name should be restored.
28 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’
Saxicava rugosa var. minuta L. ‘This variety should be expunged ; it is admittedly the immature stage of the var. arctica.
Cadulus subfusiformis Sars.=C. jeffreysi Monts. (See ‘J. of C.,’ vol. vii, No. 8).
Dentalium abyssorum Sars = D. striolatum Stimpson (1851) as Sars himself admits.
D. tarentinum Lam.— The law of priority in zoological nomenclature has been strangely disregarded in reference to this species, for while Lamarck neither figured nor properly described PD. farentinum, Da Costa did both for D. vulgare long previously, and it is surprising to find Jeffreys adhering to Lamarck’s name “because it would be inconvenient now to substitute it for tarentinum, which has been for between sixty and seventy years accepted and used by nearly every conchologist.” The British Associa- tion rules are too rigidly applied to make any allowances for “inconvenience,” and strict justice demands its restoration.
Gasteropoda.—Without any explanation, Jeffreys merely says in his Appendix to ‘ British Conchology’—“For Gastero- poda read Gastropoda.” But the suggestion has not met with general approval. Dr. Watson writes in the ‘Chal- lenger’ Report—‘“‘ The alteration of Cuvier’s word to Gastropoda, which has found some acceptance, could only have been justified had he been wrong in his spelling, which he is not. Between the two forms of the Greek root in composition, surely Cuvier was free to choose which he pleased even though he preferred the less common one.”
Against this, it may be remarked that it is a canon of literary law that a redundant letter or syllable, when doubtful or extraneous, may be expunged. Thus ecten tigerinus has been changed to P. tigrinus, Siphonodenta- lium to Sitphodentalium, &c., and they lose nothing by the incisions.
J.C., viii., Jan. 1895.
MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 29
Chiton hanleyi Bean. Jeffreys (‘ Lightning’ Report) has changed this name to C. mendicarius Mighels on the ground of priority; but the identity of Mighels’ species with Bean’s is not uncontested, and Gray, on presumably good grounds, had long previously changed the name to C. debilis, by which it is more generally known.
Mr. Dall (‘ Explor. Alaska’) and Professor Haddon (‘ Chall.’ Report) cite C. dedzlis and C. mendicarius as two species without expressing any opinion on them.
We have recently been told (') that we have no Chitons in England; they are all something else. The statement in itself would hardly require further notice, but that the writer of it adopts the extraordinary and unusual assump- tion that it is the result of “the light of our advancing knowledge,” and he holds up to compassion, as being in the outer pale of darkness, those who may not acquiesce in it. A proper appreciation of contemporary writers should teach him that this is fallacious, and that the differences between naturalists arise from some preferring to treat sections or sub-genera as such, while others regard them as genera, as to which every one has a right to judge for him- self, We are now invited to divide our small group of eleven species of Chzfon into no less than six genera—a long step towards a condition of things so strongly protested against by a well-known author, when “we shall soon have a distinct generic title for every specimen of a shell we possess, and the confusion of the Tower of Babel will be reproduced in conchology.” And when it is considered that these old- new names have been proposed, some for more than a century, and none less than half-a-century ago, it is not quite clear how they have evolved from “the light of our advancing knowledge.” And yet this brand-new arrangement, after leaving the writer’s hands but before it can reach the reader, undergoes yet another rearrangement !
(«) Malacological Society's Proceedings, 1894.
30 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’
Obviously, a quarterly journal is utterly inadequate to keep us au courant with the change of systems ; we shall almost require a daily tape to record the movements of ‘our ad- vancing knowledge.”
Tectura fulva Mill. Both Mr. Dall and Professor Sars have examined the animal of this species, and declare it to be a true Zepefa. The name should therefore be changed to Lepeta fulva, although Dall places it in the sub-genus Pilidium, and Sars in the sub-genus Scutellina.
Emarginula cancellata Phil. This was figured though not described in “ British Conchology,” and inserted in Somer- ville’s List. But I fear there has been some error as to its origin. Herm has been well searched since the two alleged specimens were taken by Mr. Gallienne thirty years ago, yet no further examples have been found, and Mr. Gallienne’s collection in the Guernsey Museum certainly does not contain these two specimens. I think it should be put in the same category as other species that have had a supposed origin in Guernsey and Herm.
I have myself found in the latter island a perfect specimen of £. elongata Costa. This differs from £. jissura in being more depressed, with much coarser though similar sculpture, the apex overhangs the margin, and the slit is shorter and wider. Many currents converge on Herm Island, and some of its little bays and shores are strewn with shells knee-deep.
Scissurella crispata var. paucicostata Jeff. In the ‘Lightning’ Report Jeffreys states that Philippi’s var. aspera corresponds with his var. paucicostata, and is ‘‘more conical, with fewer and stronger striz.” The latter name must, therefore, be withdrawn in favour of the former.
Trochus duminyi Requien. Circudus striatus Phil. is prior to Z. duminyi, and must take its place. Philippi originally described it as ?Valvata striata; Cantraine afterwards redescribed it as Solarium philippi, and Requien subse-
J.C., viii, Jan. 1895,
MARSHALL : ALTERATIONS IN ‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 31
quently as Delphinula duminytz. Although the animal is not known, Jeffreys had suggested that it should form a section of Zrochus under the name of Crrculus, which has since been adopted as a generic name by Monterosato and others, perhaps prematurely. As it was necessary, how- ever, to alter the name, and as Zyochus striatus is already occupied by a well-known Linnean species, the alteration to Circulus striatus is perhaps the best that could have been adopted. It should be placed provisionally between Cyclostrema and Trochus until the animal becomes known.
T. glaucus Moll. Moller described his Margarita glauca in 1842, but Brown described its. fossi! representative as T. olivaceus in 1827, so that the latter name must stand. Brown’s type is a fossil of the Clyde beds. It is the Margarita argentata of Gould (1841), and AZ. harrisont of Hancock (1846).
T. amabilis Jeff. This was originally described by Philippi as ZT: cinctus as long ago as 1836 for a fossil shell, and ~ must therefore take the place of Z: amabilis. It is also the Solariella maculata of Searles Wood, from the Coralline crag. Jeffreys erred in describing it as new because these fossil typical specimens are ‘‘ usually marked with an irregu- lar row of reddish spots, which are not observable in the recent form.”
T. millegranus Phil. This specific name is long subsquent to 7: miliaris Brocchi, and the latter should take precedence according to the strict law of priority, although it is quite true that “the specific name mz/zaris is not appropriate if it has. reference to millet-seed, nor is it a Latin word.” (Jeffreys, ‘ Lightning’ Report).
Rissoa cancellata var. paupercula Jeff. I do not think this variety should hold a place any longer in the British
List on the strength of ‘a dead and worn specimen found at Herm.”
32 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’
R. abyssicola Forbes. This is admittedly a variety of 2. teste Arad. and Mag., but as the latter is not found on our coasts it appears undesirable to make any alteration in the List, so that 2. adysstcofa will remain.
Dr. Norman, in the “ Annals” for November, 1893, criticising Jeffreys, considers 2. abyssicola Forbes a variety of R. subsoluta Arad. He atso queries 7. delictosa Jeff. as a synonym of the latter, and he further assigns 7. fischer? Jeff. to &. zeste Arad. and Mag.
Now, I fear Dr. Norman has not seen specimens of R. fischert, nor a sufficient series of /. delictosa, and com- pared them with typical #. ¢este and R. subsoluta, or I think he would have arrived at different conclusions. The three are quite unlike each other, and in my opinion, such as it is worth, are good species.
Given a sufficient series of specimens from various localities and depths, 27ssoa adbyssicola can be graduated with ease into A7ssoa fest, and the two forms appear self- evident as one species ; but A. svbsoluta is not like either. The Norwegian form of 2. sazbsoluta (which is R. adyssicola Sars = FR. elegantissima Seg.) approaches FR. abyssicola Forbes in its sculpture, but that is the only resemblance. It differs from &. zesfe and all its forms in having much finer sculpture, 4-5 whorls instead of 5-6, which are more convex, and especially in the apex being obtuse or button- shaped. In A. /este and the var. abyssicola the apex is always pointed.
Then, 2. fischeri Jeff. has no affinity with &. /esze, and cannot be compared with it in any way. It is placed by Jeffreys next to 2. dictvophora (which it most closely resembles) ; he compares it with 2. ca/a/hus, and says it is “allied to R. zetlandica” ; but FR. feste is like none of these species. Jeffreys’ figures of 2. fischeri and R&. teste in the ‘Lightning’ Report, though admirably executed, are not a sure guide. That of #. ¢este is much too coarsely
J.C., vili., Jan. 1895.
MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 33
sculptured, while the body-whorl of R. fischeri should be more expanded, and the peculiar spiral apex should be shown. ‘The latter is a very coarsely sculptured shell, and
_ the intersections of the ribs are nodulous, while those of 2. teste would be more correctly described as riblets in com- parison. And I speak here of similar specimens of 7. fest to those adduced by Dr. Norman—R. ¢feste =conformis, Palermo.”
Dr. Norman also places #. de/iciosa Jeff. (with a query) as asynonym of #. subsoluta ; but Jeffreys’ figure of the former (a good one) shows an altogether different shell ; it is a short cone, with compressed whorls and a bulbous apex, and comes nowhere near any of the forms of 2. feste or Le. subsoluta except in its var. muétecostata ; in this the sculpture is somewhat similar to the finely-sculptured abyssal form of &. subsoluida.
It must not be forgotten that Jeffreys separated his 2. adeliciosa from R. subsoluta only after having received the type of the latter from the author, Aradas. And it is the same species described as &. e/ecta by the Marquis de Monterosato, who would be well acquainted with A&. subsoluta,
The variation of 2. deliciosa is no doubt extreme, as well as its great diversity of habitat, and Jeffreys might well say of it that species-makers would revel in the manufacture of other forms out of it ; but its family likeness is always apparent.
I have all these shells before me, and find no difficulty in determining Jefireys’ types and varieties.
R. costulata Alder. This stands in the same category as k. abyssicola, being a variety of the &. sémilis of Scacchi, which name is prior to Alder’s ; but for the same reason as previously stated, it is not advisable to alter the name in the British List. 2. szwzdis is smaller and more slender than this, and has numerous varieties outside Britain. Moreover,
G
34 MARSHALL? ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’
some writers regard both these forms as only varieties of R. parva, and Dr. Boog Watson has well expressed the prevailing confusion of this group of /zssoa in the ‘Challenger’ Report, p. 588 :—“ Dr. Jeffreys regards FR. szmzlis Scac., as a small variety of 7. costulata Alder, a view I entirely share, with the addition that I believe both these and a great many other species, both British and foreign, to be mere varieties of 2. parva Da Costa. Perhaps, when all zoolo- gical classification has been reduced to chaos, and each museum specimen has received a separate name, a real revision of species will be entered upon. In the meantime, such labour is thrown away, and Scacchi’s species has as much right to recognition as the others around it.”
Hydrobia similis and H. ventrosa should be expunged from Mr. Somerville’s List. Under no circumstances can they be regarded as marine species.
Aclis unica Mont. Dr. Jeffreys in the ‘Lightning’ Report adopted this species as the type of his genus Cvonzscus, which differs from Acs proper in several respects. It has well-defined characters, and differs in the apex, the shape of the aperture, and particularly in having longitu- dinal strie. He has associated with it two other species taken in the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition—C. gracilis and C. striatus,
A. gulsone Clark. In ‘ British Conchology’ the author had remarked that “this and A. wnica are aberrant forms of Aclis. Each has peculiar characters which render their systematic allocation very difficult.” | Having, therefore, suggested a new genus for the reception of A. unica, he proposed JZenippe for A. gulsone; but in his Appendix he altered that again to Pherusa, as Menippe was already em- ployed in the Crustacea. Clark, when originally describing the species, called it Pherusa.
Odostomia scillz var. compactilis Jeff. (See ‘J. of C.,’ yol. vii., No. 8).
J.C., viii., Apr., 1895.
MARSHALL : ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’ 35
O. acicula var. ventricosa Forbes. (Ibid.).
Eulima distorta Desh. (Ibid.)
I must repeat here what I have already informed Mr. Sykes in reply to his inquiry zz /¢¢., and which should have satisfied him, that whatever this species might even- tually prove to be, “in no case should I ascribe £. latipes Wats. to my MS. £. ‘umidosa.” He should be aware of the elementary fact that a MS. name is of no account against a published one.
Natica groenlandica Beck. Jeffreys has abandoned the JV. grentandica of “ British Conchology” in favour of JV. pallida Brod. and Sow. on the ground of priority ; but it is doubtful what is Broderip and Sowerby’s &. pallida, as the type is lost and no figure was published with the original description. Dr. Boog Watson puts the matter thus :— “Tt is quite possible that the /V. pallida of Gray, Midden- dorff, and Philippi may be W. grwnlandica of Beck, though all three authors assert the contrary. Jeffreys himself says that he had been ‘inclined to doubt whether it might not be ZV. zslandica.’ The state of the case is this—some shells called WV. pallida Brod. and Sow. are WV. grenlandica Beck, but whether they really are Broderip and Sowerby’s species no one can tell.” (‘ Challenger’ Report, p. 448). In this view of the case, it would be preferable to retain the name used in “ British Conchology ” to using a doubtful one.
N. alderi Forbes. ‘‘ As a mere act of justice to the illustrious Swede, I feel myself compelled to substitute for alder7 the specific name g/aucina, by which Linné originally and undoubtedly designated and fully described this common European shell in his ‘Fauna Suecica.’” (Jeffreys, ‘Lightning’ Report, p. 30).
Lamellaria Mont. Various names by various authors have been proposed or adopted for this genus, which was long left unnoticed, probably on account of its shell not being external or visible. Jeffreys says that ‘‘a great deal has
MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.’
been written on the ‘historical part of this subject,” which he abridges, but acknowledges that he does not “claim any merit for endeavouring to elucidate it.” (‘B. C.’ vol. iv., pp. 234-5). However, Dr. Rudolph Bergh in the ‘Challenger’ Report, and also in his Monograph on the Marseniade, has attacked the question boldly, and the result is an exhaustive account of the genus, which may now be said to be placed on a substantial basis. Shortly stated, the case stands thus—Lamellaria tentaculata was described by Montagu in the Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. in 1811, and referred by him to his genus ZLamedllaria, His generic name, however, so resembled that of Lamznaria (a group of a/g@), as also the fact that Zamel/arza cannot be fitly applied to Montagu’s type, which was Pleure- branchus membranaceus, that in 1819 Leach advocated the disuse of the name and adopted that of JAZarsenza, which has been followed by some authors, and which will no doubt be now generally followed.
Capulidze Fleming. Jeffreys has placed this family between
Lamellaria and Velutina, instead of between /issuvella and Calyptrea, and says that Mr. Jabez Hogg, writing on the radula of the mollusca, states that the ‘dentition is seen to be almost identical with Ve/utina,’
Torellia vestita Jeff. There are no grounds for including
this species in the British fauna; ‘a single dead specimen, not in good condition,’ is obviously insufficient. And although specimens were taken in the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’ expeditions between the Hebrides and Feerees, they were from stations nearer the latter group of islands.
Cerithium perversum L. ‘From Professor Mobius’s notes
and drawings, it appears that the animal of this species differs considerably from that of Cer7thium, particularly in respect of the foot and odontophore. I would consequently adopt the genus Z7zforis of Deshayes for this species.’ (Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1870).
J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.
“MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY:’ 37
In the ‘ Lightning’ Report, Jeffreys has extended these remarks. He there observes :—‘I am now inclined to separate Z7zforis from Cerithium by reason of the differences in the apex or embryonic part of the shell, and in the former having a short basal canal instead of a mere groove or notch. ‘The spire [tip] of Z7z/oris is finely blunted ; in Cerithium itis blunt. In 7Z7zfor’s the apical whorls are much narrower in proportion and are closely striated lengthwise, and the canal is small and nearly closed, as in Murex ; in Cerithtum the groove is comparatively large and open. According to Meyer and Mobius there is also a characteristic distinction between the animals and odonto- phores of the two genera. The snout in Z7zforis and Cerithiopsts is retractile, while in Cer/thium it is contractile. Sis Triforis appears to be congeneric with Cerithiopsts and to belong to the same family. When the shells of Z: perversa and C. tubercularis are exhibited, one before a mirror and the other not, it will be seen that almost the only differential character consists in the lower or basal portion of the mouth being more closed in Zrzforcs than in Certthtopsts.’
The description of the apical whorls of Z! perversa given by Dr. Watson in the ‘Challenger’ Report does not agree with that of Dr. Jeffreys in ‘ British Conchology.’ While the latter describes them as exhibiting ‘very minute and numerous longitudinal strize, which are encircled in the middle by a delicate spiral thread in such a manner as to make them appear keeled or angulated, and the nucleus is smooth and glossy,’ Dr. Watson says that these apical whorls ‘are beset with close-set and numerous riblets, and they have two close-set spirals at the carina, while the ex- treme apex has about seven spiral scratches, parted by roughened threads.’ This discrepancy may be accounted for by the former writer habitually using no higher power than a Coddington, while the latter used a microscope.
38 MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY,”
The Siphobranchiata should therefore properly com- mence with and include Z7zforis, instead of beginning, as hitherto, with the Cevthiopside.
Cerithiopsis pulchella Jeff. Dr. Watson, in a paper on the ‘Cerithiopsidee from the Eastern Side of the North Atlantic’ (Linn. Soc. Journ., Aug., 1885) stated that pulchella was pre-occupied by C. B. Adams for another species, and adopted the specific name effreysz ; but Conti, in his ‘ Fossiles di Monte Mario,’ had previously called it concatenata, which name should stand.
Cassidaria echinophora L. (See J. of C. for April, 1894).
Trophon truncatus Strom. Admittedly a variety of 7: cla- thratus Linné, which does not occur in our seas except as a glacial fossil. The name, however, should remain as it is, for the reasons given under Léssoa abyssicola, R. costulata, etc:
Nassa nitida Jeff. This is so obviously a variety of WV. vede- culata, that it has been tacitly ignored as a species as published in ‘ British Conchology.’ Moreover, only some specimens from the Thames and Orwell answer to Jeffreys’ description, while others partake more or less of the characters of the type. These are—turreted whorls, fewer and broader ribs, and absence of tubercles on the inner lip. The turreted whorls are certainly peculiar, but the number of ribs in the type are exceedingly variable, being nearly twice as many in some specimens as in others, there being, in fact, no two specimens alike in this respect, while the absence of tuberculation on the inner lip is owing to the want of carbonate of lime, those on the outer lip being much fainter than the type, and the shell generally thinner. As to the number of ribs, I have typical speci- mens which are quite as sparsely ribbed, and which are also without the usual reticulations.
Columbella haliaéti Jeff. Dr. Jeffreys, reporting on the results of the ‘Triton’ cruise, stated that this species should be
J.C., yiii., Apr. 1895.
MARSHALL! ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY. 39
placed in the genus Pleurofoma ; that it is the Fusus costu- fatus of Cantraine, but as the type of the latter has been lost he adhered to his specific name haliaéte.
Although Cantraine’s species was for a time identified with C. haliaétz, it is now held to be the same as Philippi’s Buccinum acuticostatum, a Calabrian pliocene fossil, which is certainly not Jeffreys’ C. Aaliaété according to Boog Watson. |
_ The conclusions of Seguenza and of Monterosato cannot be accepted on this point, as the species they had before them was Buccinum acuticostatune Phil.
Then, as to Hornes’ Columbella corrugata (which he referred to Buccinum corrugatum Broc. whereas the latter is a /Vassa), his species is provided ‘with strong teeth’ both on the inner and outer lip, which is not the case with C haliaétz; teeth are present but they cannot be called strong. But if Hornes’ C. covrugata is the same thing as ours, then Michelotti’s name of arpula is prior. Dr. Watson well says—‘It is obvious that there is here a whole group of Columbellas greatly in need of revision.’
However, it is so far clear up to the present that C. haliaéti of Jeffreys has as much right to stand as a species under that name as under any other.
Mr. Sowerby figures this in his Index as a smooth white shell; but it is strongly ribbed, with interstitial strie, and of a light yellowish brown.
Cylichna umbilicata var. conulus S. Wood gives place to S i
C. ovata Jeff.. (See J. of C., vol. vii., No. 8).
Scaphander librarius Lovén was described and published
five years subsequent to Bulla punctostriatus Migh. and Ad., so that the latter specific name takes precedence.
Spirialis retroversus Fleming. Zzmacina was published
long prior to Sfzvva/ts, and is now generally used.
S. retroversus var. jeffreysi F. and H. This variety should
be cancelled. It is admittedly immature. I have some
do MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY,
very large specimens of the type from the west coast of Ireland, about a line in length, and if a section of the spire of one of these large specimens be compared with the figure of the variety, it is seen that they are identical.
SUMMARY. ; Argiope capsula Jeff. .. == Gwynia capsula Jeff. Lamellibranchiata Blainy. .... = Pelecypoda Goldf. Pecten teste Biv. = P. incomparabilts Ris. P. teste vy. suborbicularis Jeff. Yo be cancelled. P. seplemradiatus
v. dumasii Payr, = P. pes-lutre 1.
LP. seplemradiatus Mull. = P. pes-lutre
v. septemradiatus Mull. Lima elliptica vy. leviuscula Jeff. To be cancelled. Leda pygmea Miinst. L. tenuis Ph. Kellia cycladia S. Wood Axinus cycladius S. Wood Astarte sulcata v.tncrassata Broc.= A. sulcata v. fusca Poli.
|
Tapes pullastra Mont. “Bb To remain. Solecurtus candidus Rénier .... = S. scopula Turt. Pandora tnequivalvis
v. obtusa Jeff. .... = FP. rostrata var. pinna Mont. Saxicava rugosa vy. minuta 1. To be cancelled. - Cadulus subfustformts Sars = GC yeyreyss lonts. Dentalium tarentinum Lam. = D. vulgare Da C. D. abyssorum Sars... .. == D. striolatum Stimps. Gasteropoda ... a .. = Gastropoda Chiton hanleyi Bean Sone es (Ob AIAN Cie Ny Tectura fulva Mill. ... . == Lepeta fulva Mull. Emarginula cancellata Phil. To be cancelled.
Scissurella crispata v. paucicostata Jeff. = S. crispata v. aspera Ph.
Trochus duminyt Req. .. == Circulus striatus Ph. T. glaucus Moll... ... == T. olivaceus Brown. ZT. amabilis Jeff... > == JZ. cinctus Ph.
J.C., viii., Apr., 1893.
MARSHALL: ALTERATIONS IN
T. millegranus Ph. ... Rissoa cancellata v. paupercula Jeff. R. abyssicola Korb.
FR. costulata Ald. — ... See Fydrobia similis Drap.
fT. ventrosa Mont.
Adlis unica Mont.
A. gulsone Clark
Odostomiascillev.compactilis J eff.=
O. acicula y. ventricosa Forb. Lulima distorta Desh.
L£. distorta vy. tumidosa Marsh. Natica grenlandica Beck
LV. alderi Forb. : Lamellaria Mont.
Capulide Fler.
Torellia vestita Jeff. ... Cerithium perversum L. Cerithiopsis pulchella Jeff. Cassidaria echinophora \.. Trophon truncatus Str. Massa nitida Jeff. Columbella haltacti Jeff.
Crlichna umbilicata vy. conulus S. Wood =
l
!
l
Scaphander librartus Vov. Spirialis retroversus F lem. S. retroversus v. jeffreyst F. & H.
‘ BRITISH’ CONCHOLOGY.’
T. miliaris Broce.
To be cancelled.
To remain.
To remain. Non-marine. Non-marine.
Ciontscus unicus Mont. Pherusa gulsone Clark. O. compactilis Jeff.
O. ventricosa Forb.
L.. philippit Weink.
E. curva Monts.
To remain.
NV. glaucina U.. Marsenia Leach.
To be transferred.
To be cancelled. Triforis perversa L..
C. concatenata Conti. C. tyrrhena Lam.
To remain.
LV. reticulata v. nitida Jeff.
‘To remain.
C. ovata Jeff. S. punctostriatus Mi. & Ad. Limacina retroversa Flem. To be cancelled.
ERRATUM.
In yol. vill., part 1, p. 28, in last line, for ‘incisions ’ read
‘excisions.’
SEVENOAKS, TORQUAY, february, 1895.
~AT
42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NOTES ON A CONCHOLOGICAL EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF IRELAND.
By EDWARD COLLIER.
(Read before the Conchological Society, March 6th, 1895).
Ear ty in August my son and I went for a few days collecting to the west of Ireland, and I thought a few notes and a list of the species collected would be interesting. We went direct from Dublin to Galway, where we arrived during the afternoon of Saturday, August 4th. We collected very little in the neigh- bourhood of Galway, as we did not stay there very long, but on or near the Oughterard Road we got the following species :—
Hyalinia cellaria Mill.—A few only.
Helix rotundata Miill.—One specimen only. This I was much surprised at, as it is generally one of the commonest shells in most districts.
H. rupestris Drap —Very common on stone walls and very fine.
H. aspersa Miull—Common everywhere; principally about walls.
H. nemoralis L.—Four specimens only on a wall about two miles from Galway.
H. rufescens Penn.—Fairly common.
H. rufescens var. alba Moq.—One specimen only.
H. hispida L.—A few only.
H. itala L.—Very plentiful and very fine ; some of them were beautifully marked.
H. itala L. var. alba Charp.—A few only with the type.
H. virgata Da Costa.—Plentiful on the wall where we found
the Helix nemoralts. Pupa cylindracea Da Costa.—Very common. P. cylindracea var curta West.—A few with the type. Balea perversa L.—One specimen only on the wall sur- rounding Queen’s College.
J.C., vii.. Apr. 1895.
COLLIER ! EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF IRELAND. 43
Clausilia perversa Pult.—Common on walls.
Succinea elegans Risso. var. ochracea Betta.—Plentiful in one very damp field on flags and rushes that had been cut down.
Only a very short list, but we only collected on one day, and had no opportunity of getting any freshwater species, as we were here such a very short time.
On leaving Galway, we took the steamer across the bay to Ballyvaughan in County Clare, which was really the locality we had come to visit, as I had seen some very fine Helix nemoralts from there collected many years ago by my friend Mr. Thomas Rogers. This northern part of County Clare is all on the lime- stone, with hills rising to a height of over 1,000 feet, very often in terraces of the limestone pavement—a very paradise for ferns and botanical specimens generally. We only collected between Ballyvaughan and Black Head, a distance of some six miles, and got the following species :—
Hyalinia cellaria Mull. Not common.
H. nitidula Drap. <A few only. I account for the scarcity of AHyalinie through there being so little cover for them. There were virtually no trees and very few bushes.
Helix rotundata Miill. Very scarce.
H. rupestris Drap. Everywhere; on rocks and walls, and generally very fine.
H. pulchella Mull. ‘Two specimens only.
H. aspersa Mill. Very abundant, and a good size, but not very thick shells, In some of the little meadows this species and /. z¢a/a were so common that one could not step without crushing them by dozens as one walked across.
H. nemoralis L. ‘The shell fav excellence of this district. Very fine and very variable. ‘The first two days at Bally- vaughan were very wet, and although we went out whenever practicable we could not find any, as they do not seem to crawl out during very heavy rain. When we found the
44
COLLIER : EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF: IRELAND.
locality for them, which is on or near the stone walls that surround the little meadows and orchards, we found them fairly plentiful, although they always needed looking for. They were very restricted in locality, and in some seemingly likely places we could not find them at all. Their average size was 1 mill. in height and 25 mill. in breadth, but a few specimens were 20 mill. by 28 mill. ‘They varied in colour very considerably, much more than in any other locality I have ever visited. Vhe type specimens (five bands) were the commonest, and were generally very handsome shells, as the bands were very dark and mostly of the band formula (123)(45), but occa- sionally (12345). Below is a list of the varieties we found that are acknowledged in the last-published list of the Conchological Society :— |
Var. roseolabiata Taylor.—Ten specimens.
Var. albolabiata Von Mart.—Six specimens (12345) (123)(45) (12345).
Var. bimarginata Moq.—'l'wo specimens only.
Var. rubella Moq.—Common. The three largest specimens we got were all of this variety.
Var. libellula Risso.—Common.
Var. castanea Mog.—Five specimens.
Var. hyalozonata Taylor.—Four specimens. This variety seems to be very soon weathered, and its light-cream coloured epidermis comes off in patches, leaving the shell pure white with translucent bands. I have them from Bundoran without a scrap of epidermis lett.
M. sinistrorsum ‘Taylor.—My greatest prize, a very fine specimen, fully mature, of the plain yellow colour (“del/uda).. I found it low down and far in the wall surrounding a little meadow near Gleninagh Castle, Cregg, about three miles from Ballyvaughan.
J.C., viit., Apr. 1895,
COLLIER : EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF IRELAND. 45
Besides the above, I got the following :— Var. coalita Moq.-—-Common. Var. punctella Moq.—Fairly common: Var. petiveria Moq.—Three specimens.
Var. albescens Moq.—Two specimens. One with a white mouth, the other with a black mouth.
Var. luteolabiata Ckll.—One specimen, of a uniform yellow colour with a brilliant yellow mouth.
Var. tenuis Ckll.—Four specimens, extremely thin, and all different in colour.
A good many of the shells were rather thin, not only of this species, but also of H. asfervsa and ZH. zfa/a, and one (var. tenuis) extremely thin ; and this I account for in the following way :—Although this is a purely limestone district, and there- fore presumably suitable for snails with good thick shells, I found by observation and enquiry that nearly all the little meadows and orchards had been made by filling up the cracks in the limestone pavement, and then covering it over to a considerable depth with soil, brought from a_ distance, taken from underneath the peat when this had been removed. It is a well-known fact that snails do not thrive on bogs or in boggy places, and although on the limestone, the plants these snails lived on grew most on rich loamy or peaty soil.
Helix rufescens Penn.—-A few only.
H. itala .—In thousands, if not in millions. This is certainly the commonest shell in County Clare. By the roadside on walls, climbing rocks, on bushes, in the orchards and meadows, they were to be found by thousands. In one little meadow, in which were two of the small stacks they make in this part of the country, I could rake them off by hundreds at a time. There were a good many Z&. aspersa on the stacks and occasionally a few H. xemoralis. ©
H. itala L. var. alba Charp.—A few with the type,
46 COLLIER : EXCURSION TO THE WEST OF IRELAND.
H. itala var. leucozona Moq.—Fairly common, some of them very dark.
H. caperata Mont.—One specimen only on an old wall near the coast-guard station.
Buliminus obscurus Miill.—One only.
Pupa cylindracea Da Costa. — Very common and very generally distributed.
Pupa cylindracea var. curta West.—A few amongst the type.
P. muscorum IL.—Common, under stones on the road-side on the way to Black Head.
Balea perversa L.—A few only.
Clausilia perversa Pult.-- Fairly common on walls and under large stones.
Limneea peregra Mill. v. maritima Jeff.—The only fresh- water shell we got. Plentiful on wet rocks by the road- side near Black Head. This answers exactly to the description given by Jeffreys, and is a very thick solid shell, with suture very deep and spire produced. A few of my specimens are rather larger than the one figured by Taylor (Journ. of Conch., vol. vi. p. 297).
On our return, we went by car from Galway to Westport, via Clifden, where we stayed one day, intending to go down to Dogs’ Bay, near Roundstone, for some of the thick-shelled (semi- fossil) A. zemoralis from the sand-hills there, but the weather turned out so very bad we had to give it up, and we were weather-bound in the hotel all day, and the following day got thoroughly drenched in our forty miles drive to Westport.
Since writing the above, I have received about 150 more Helix nemoralis from Ballyvaughan, quite as variable as those I got myself, but amongst them was one specimen of var. major ¥Fér., measuring 21 mill. in height and 29 mill. in breadth, of a reddish colour 00345 with the bands half-effaced.
= 8:
J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 47
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PROCEEDINGS.
232nd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 23rd, 1895.
Held at the Philosophical Hall, Leeds.
Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., President, in the chair.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
The Naturalist, No. 234, Jan., 1895; and Feuille des Jeunes Natura- listes, No. 291. Jan. 1895—from the respective editors.
Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, session 1892—3, vol. i., part 3; and Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, vol. xviii. for 1893—4; from the respective societies.
New Member elected :
Mr. Bernard Arnold, Milton Lodge, Gravesend.
Candidate Proposed for Membership :
Mr. Charles East Wright (proposed by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A.,
and seconded by Mr. Charles Oldham). Exhibits :
On behalf of Mrs. Henry Crowther were exhibited a series of distorted examples of Zimmea peregra, collected by Mr. Joseph Whitwham, in a now- destroyed pond in Greenhead Park, Huddersfield, the specimens shown showing a great variety of excesses of growth of the lip, the margins being in some cases perfectly reflected. Examples of the same species from Middleton near Leeds were also shown.
The President exhibited a number of coloured drawings of snails and slugs, executed by Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., including Zimax flavus, Helix votundata, Hf. lapicida, etc., the drawing of the last-named being especially characteristic.
On behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw, of Glasgow, were shown a number of Scottish shells, including Helix caperata, Pupa cylindracea, and Cochh- copa lubrica, from Ayr, and the two last-named, together with Vertigo edentula, Hyalinia alliaria, and Helix rotundata from Strathblane, South Perth vice-county.
233rd MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 6th, 1895.
The President in the Chair.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, for Feb., 1895, from the respective editors; and the Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical Society, for 1893, from the society.
New Member elected : Mr. Charles East Wright, Orchard View, Kettering.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Exhibits :
On behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw, of Glasgow, were shown various Scottish and Irish land and freshwater shells, sent for record, as follows :— Ancylus fluviatilis, Carychium, Hyalinia cellaria, H. nitidula, H. crystal- lina, and Helix aculeata, from Old Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire ; V2tv27a, Flyalinia crystallina, H. alliaria, H. nitida, H. fulva, Helix rotundata, Pupa cylindracea, Clausiha perversa, and Carychium, from near Salen, Island of Mull, vice-county of Ebudes South; Ayaknza alliaria, H. niti- dula, H1. fulva, H. crystallina, Helix hispida, H. rotundata, Pupa cylind- racea, Claustha perversa, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Carychtum, from Killin, Mid-Perthshire ; and Claustlia perversa, Pupa cylindracea, and Helix rotun- data, from Coleraine, county Londonderry.
The Recorder also showed a number of shells, sent for record, by Mr. Wm. Evans, F.R.S.E., and collected by him at Oban in April, 1894, in- cluding 47720 hortensis, A. circumscriptus, A. minimus, Limax marginatus (arborum), Agriolimax agrestis, A. levis, H. aspersa, A. arbustorum, H. hortensts var. lutea 12345, H. rvefescens, 11. granulata, Hyalinia cellaria, H, pura, 7. fulva, H. crystallina, A. nitidula, H. nitida, Clausilia per- versa, Pupa cylindracea, Ancylus fluviatilis, Cochlicopa lubrica and var. lubricoides, Succinea putris, S. elegans, Vitrina, Limnea truncatula, L. peregra, Helix hispida, H. fusca, H. rotundata, H. pygmeaa, Vertigo eden- tula, Planorbis parvus, Pisidium pusillum, P. fontinale. and Hyalinia cellaria var. albina.
_ The Recorder also exhibited an example of Swcc¢nea elegans, collected by Mr. Evans, at Callander, May 6th, 1894.
234th MEETING, WEDNEsDAY, Marcu 6th, 1895.
The President in the chair.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :—
The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, for March, 1895 ; from the respective editors.
Report of Manchester Museum, Owens College, with appendices, Oct 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1894 ; from the keeper.
Reprint of paper by R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S., ‘On a Collection of Fossils from Madagascar,’ obtained by Rev. R. Baron (Q.J.G.S., Feb. 1895, pp- 72—91, and plates 2—3; from the author.
Donation to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted :—
Five Shillings from Mr. Wm. Whitwell, F.L S.
Candidates Proposed for Membership:
Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., and Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S. (both
proposed by Mr. L. E. Adams, B.A., and Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S.). Death of Member.
It was announced that Mr. John Hagger, F.L.S., of Repton School, Burton-on-Trent, died on Friday, 1st of March, and the secretary was requested to convey to his daughter an expression of the Society’s condolences
J.C., viii., Apr. 1895
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49
with the family, and their regard for one who was so long a member of the Society, and so well-known a conchologist.
Papers Read :
A paper by Mr. Edward Collier entitled ‘ Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West of Ireland’ was read and is printed in the present number of the ‘ Journal of Conchology.’
A couple of notes by Mr. G. W. Chaster, M.R.C.S., on ‘ Massa reticu- lata var. minor,’ and ‘On the occurrence’ Pu/sel/um lofotense Sars in the Irish Sea,’ were read, and appeared in the last number of the ‘ Journal’ (see p. 11).
A couple of notes by Mr. Robert Standen, on ‘ Hel?x asfersa monst. stmistrorsum, and on ‘ Vertigo substriata var. albina’ were read, and were printed in the last number of the Journal (pp. 11, 23).
Three notes by Mr. Lionel E. Adams, B.A., on ‘ Helix vermiculata in Staffordshire,’ on ‘ Helzx hortensis var. luteolabiata, a variety new to science, in Northamptonshire,’ and on ‘ Large specimens of Helix ertcetorum in Northamptonshire. ”
Exhibits :
On behalf of Mrs. Crowther was shown a series of cut sections of Welzx nemoralis and H. arbustorum ; large examples of Limnca peregra from Cannon Hall pond, near Barnsley, 5. W. Yorks., showing inflation of the shell-whorls by the animals at a time when there was excessive growth of plant-life ; and a fine series of Szecczzea elegans from a pond close to the beach of Falmouth Bay, Cornwall, so close to high-water mark that only the pathway or road intervenes, and the pond is subject to occasional influxes of salt-water.
The Recorder showed some drawings and photographs of Carychtum minimum and var. curta found at Edenhall, near Penrith, Cumberland; there were about eight examples found by Mr. J. Charles Smith, by whom the photographs and drawings were executed.
The President showed on behalf of Mr. Edward Collier examples of Liguus virginicus and Helzx picta in illustration of polychromatism, and cut sections of Hel¢x nemoralis to show the thickness to which it is possible for the shell to attain.
He showed on behalf of Mr. J. Ray Hardy an example of Helix aspersa var. flammea from Scarborough; and on behalf of Mr. Robert Standen monstrosities of Planorbis albus from the canal at Burnley, 1888; and examples of P/. spzvorbzs from a ditch at Birch, near Manchester, 1889.
On behalf Mr. Charles Oldham he showed Planorbis nautileus var. crista from Khos Neigir, Anglesea, 1892, and monstrosities of the same species collected at Hale, Cheshire, on the 15th of September, 1888.
On behalf of Mr. W. H. Heathcote he exhibited a large number of interesting specimens, as follows :—Scalariform specimens of Limn@ea peregra from Grimsargh, Lancs. W., 1887; scalariform examples of Planorbis spirorbts from Tarleton, Lancs. S.; //. zautilews from Whittingham, Lancs. W., Charnock Moss and Walton-le-Dale, Lancs. S., and Lofthouse, Yorks. S. W. (Geo. Roberts); examples of Lzmzuea stagnalzs collected in Drinkwater Park, Prestwich, Lancs. S., showing distortions caused by the chemical refuse which was formerly allowed to run into the lake ; also examples col-
D
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
lected in the same lake after the refuse was turned into the river, in 1887 ; examples of the same species collected in the Ringley Canal, Lancs. S., in 1886. when the water was high and clear, and other examples collected in the same place on Aug. 24th, 1886, during the heavy and long-continued drought, when the water was stagnant and foul-smelling, with the top covered with iridescent scum from the aniline dye-works, these latter examples being much darker in colour than those collected during the spring ; examples of Limnea peregra var. boissiz from Southport, Lancs. 5., from a ditch which is filled with salt water at every tide, collected from the fronds of Enteromorpha intestinalis in three different lots, showing very great differences, one collected early in 1886, a second in the autumn of that year, and a third in 1887 ; Planorbis nauteleus var. crista and monst. scalariforme from Whittingham, Lancs. W.; and //. aldws monst. scalarzforme from Farington, Lancs. S.
The President also showed Limca stagnalis v. appressa Say, from Marl lake, Roscommon County, Michigan, where it was collected by Mr. M. L. Leach.
Hyperstrophy :
A discussion arose on the questions of sinistrorsity, inversion, and hyperstrophy, and eventually it was decided that the discussion be resumed at the next meeting.
235th MEETING, THURSDAY, MARCH 2ist, 1895. The President in the chair. Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
Iconographie malacologique des animaux mollusques fluviatiles du Lac Tanganika, par J. R. Bourguignat, 1888—from La Sociétié Malacologique de France.
Donations to Cabinet Fund announced and thanks voted:
Five Shillings from Rev. C. A. Williamson, M.A.
New Members Elected :
Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., Villa Amalinda, Burlington Lane, Chiswick, Middlesex.
Mr. Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S., Editor of the ‘Journal of Malacology, Staff Demonstrator in Biology to the County Council of Essex, Holmesdale, Brentwood, Essex.
Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Mr. Reginald Hawkesworth Barker (proposed by Mr. J. A. Hargreaves and Mr. Robert Standen), and Mr. Charles R. C. Hibbert, F.Z.S. (proposed by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S. and Mr. William Nelson).
Exhibits :
The President showed some abnormal specimens of Helix nemoralts, bleached examples found on the sand-dunes in the neighbourhood of Bally- shannon or Bundoran in co. Donegal, sent by Mr. Wm. Swanston, F.G.S.,
of Belfast, one being a specimen with abnormal mouth, and two examples of monst. scalarzforme.
J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51
The President also exhibited Planorbis spivorbts monst. scalare from a pond on Hayling Island, Hants S., 1881, collected by Mr. H. H. Haines; and examples of the var. major of both Planorbis complanatus and £1. corneus from IXupinowa, Sclavonia, collected by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke some years ago.
The discussion on hyperstrophy was continued, and in illustration of it the President showed <Ampullaria olivacea, Marisa cornu-ardtetis from Trinidad, and AZeladomus olivaceus from Zanzibar, as examples of the three stages in the process.
The Recorder showed on behalf of Mr. Alexander Shaw, of Glasgow, examples of Hyd7obza ulve Mont., from Dunstaffnage Castle, Oban, collected
in July, 1894.
236th MEETING, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 3rd, 1895.
The President in the chair.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes for April, 1895-—from the respective Kditors.
New Members Elected : Mr. Reginald Hawkesworth Barker, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough. Mr. Charles R. C. Hibbert, F'.Z.S., F.E.S., Sefton Park, Slough. Papers Read:
A note by Mr. Lionel EF. Adams, B.A., on ‘ Segmentina lineata in Northamptonshire’ was read, and will in due course be printed in the « Journal.’
A note by Mr. Robert Standen entitled ‘Note on Cyprea tessellata (Sowb.)’ was read, and will in due course appear in the ‘ Journal.’
Exhibits :
The President showed photographs of deep-water and shallow-water forms of Limnea stagnalis found in Lake Michigan, U.S.A., the deep-water examples occurring at twenty feet below the surface.
The President further showed some of his own original drawings for his Monograph, and a series of the clausia of all the British species of Claus¢/ia, viz., of Cl. b¢dentata, Cl. cravenensis, Cl. laminata, Cl. rolphit, and Cl. biplicata, which had been carefully extracted by Mr. Fred. Rhodes, of Bradford ; and also a section of WVerz/zna fluviatilis prepared by the same member.
The Recorder showed on behalf of Mr. Charles Oldham a number of spirit-specimens of Amalia gagates, which were referable to vars. plumbea and vava, and of Limax maximus, which, although not very characteristic of any of them, were referable to the type form and to vars. cellarza, miillert, and fasctata, all collected in September, 1894, in a nursery garden at Sale, Cheshire. —W. D.R.
MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING, At the Owens College, September 13th, 1894. Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair.
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
New Members Elected : Mr. William Wright, of West Gorton ; and Mr. George Viney, of Moss
Side. Exhibits :
By Mr. Thos. Rogers : Janthina africana, from Lord Howe Island ; Helix nemoralis, from Ross Point, co. Sligo; and a set of H. aspersa show- ing erosion of the living shells by blowing sand.
By Mr. W. Moss: Series of Amphidromus chloris; land shells from Arabia; H. perplexa, Cyclotus grenadensis, and Helicina keatet, from Grenada, West Indies; Hzdodonta novozeelandica and E. wnguzcula, from New Zealand.
By Mr. J. Ray Hardy : Helix asfersa monst. sénistrorsum, from More- cambe ; and a series of large H. nemoralis from the Aran Is., Ireland.
By Mr. R. Standen: Bacctnum undatum v. littoralis, from Southport ; Acme lineata, from Bassenthwaite (collected by Captain Farrer); Unio margaritifer of unusual form, from river Teith, Callander; Aelx arbus- zorum v. fusca, from Seydisfiord, Iceland ; Mazina adamsi, from Pitcairn’s Island ; and a fine series of Xy/ophaga dorsalis (presented to the cabinet by Dr. G. W. Chaster).
By Mr. Chas. Oldham : Series of Unio pictorum, from Cheshire locali- ties (presented to the cabinet).
By Mr .R. Cairns: A large series of land shells from the Isle of Man, including Helix aspersa monst. szzistrorsum, Pupa anglica, from three localities, Bzulimus acutus, Succinea elegans v. ochracea, Acme lineata, and Zonites radiatulus ; also a fine specimen of Helix arbustorium monst. scalart- forme, from Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire.
MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING, At the Owens College, October 11th, 1894. Mr. R. D. Darbishire in the chair.
Papers Read:
By Mr. Ed. Collier : ‘ Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West of Ireland,’ and is printed in the present number of the Journal.
By Dr. G. W. Chaster: ‘ Note on Wassa reticulata v. minor Marshall.’
Exhibits :
By Mr. Ed. Collier: Series of all the species treated of in his paper, the most notable being a handsome yellow sinistral He/zx memoralis, taken alive, and mature.
By Mr. W. E. Hoyle: Recent gifts to the Manchester Museum. A col- lection of marine shells from Singapore (collected by Dr. S. Archer), including fine examples of Aspergillum pulchrum, Fistulana clava, Anomia enzgmatica in situ on leaves of mango tree, and the great freshwater bivalve Cyrena essingtoniana.
By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: Bucczeum undatum v. zetlandica from Aber- deen, and specimens of Dazdebardia novozeelandica with the animal.
J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53
By Mr. Thos. Rogers: Helix nemoralis v. castanea from Herefordshire.
By Mr. R. Cairns : Helix nemoralis with remarkably broad single band, from Blackpool.
By Mr. C. Oldham: Lzwnea truncatula, from Leasowe, Cheshire, and an unusual form of Spherdum corneum v. nucleus, from Mouldsworth (pre- sented to the cabinet) ; also two cases of choice specimens of Achatinella, ‘from the Sandwich Islands.
On behalf of Captain W. J. Farrer, a large number of interesting species of land shells were shown, collected by him in the neighbourhood of Bassen- thwaite, Cumberland, including a fine live example of Vertigo substriata v. albina ; also a remarkably distorted form of Patella vuleata, from Ramsgate.
MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,
At the Owens College, November 8th, 1894. Mr. Thomas Rogers in the chair.
Communications Read: From Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A Transcript of an interesting letter from a friend at Chalet St. Denis, Switzerland, describing a visit to a ‘Snail Farm’ for the culture of 4. pomatia. From Dr. G. W. Chaster: ‘ Note on the occurrence of Pudsel/um Tofo- tense Sars, near Peel, Isle of Man’ (printed in the Journal, vol. viii., p. 11).
_ Exhibits :
By Mr. Rk. D. Darbishire: ‘A Study in Helix pomatia,’ in which he showed a large series of forms from a number of British and continental localities, and series of the allied species, viz., H. schlafizt, H. buchii, H. lutescens, H1. ligata, H. cincta, and H. melanostoma.
By Mr. W. Moss: A collection of land and freshwater mollusca from New Zealard, the more minute species being shown under the microscope.
By Mr. W. Wright: Beccinem undatum monst. sizéstrorsum, picked from a mussel-stall in the city.
By Mr. F. Taylor: Helix pulchellum, Pisidium amnicum, P. henslow- wanum, P. obtusale, P. pilchellum, and P. milium, collected about Ashton- under-Lyne.
By Mr. R. Standen: A collection of marine shells from Gulf of Finland, and freshwater species from near Cronstadt (presented to the Manchester Museum by Mrs. G. Linnzus Banks).
By Mr..Thos. Rogers : Specimens of Cyprzea, Nerita, and Columbella, obtained from Coptic tombs by Prof. Flinders Petrie; probable date 600 A.D.
By Mr. R. Cairns: Helix nemorahs v. albolabiata and v. roseolabiata, from the Isle of Man.
MANCHESTER BRANCH MERTING,
At the Owens College, December 13th, 1894. Mr. Wm. Moss in the chair,
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Additions to Library : ‘Monograph of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca,’ by J. W. Taylor (part I) ; and a reprint of Dr. Woodward’s address to the Malacological
Society, Oct., 1894. Exhibits :
By Mr. R. Cairns: A large series of /socardia cor, dredged near Peel, Isle of Man.
By Mr. Fred. Taylor: Series of varieties of Azmnea peregra and L. glabra, from near Oldham ; Helzx aspersa v. flammea, from Douglas, Isle of Man ; and several forms of WH. zenzorvalis, from Belvedere, Kent.
By Mr. W. Moss: Clauszlia tetsua, from China; and an extensive series of Bulimus glaber from Trinidad, and JB. auris-sctur? from Grenada, showing connecting links between the two.
By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Helix nemoralis v. cristata, Limnea auricu- /aria, and others, from Cheshire localities (presented to the cabinet).
MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING, At the Owens College, January roth, 1895. Mr. Thos. Rogers in the chair. Paper Read : By Mr. Ed. Collier: ‘On the genus Macroon, Pilsbry.’ Exhibits :
By Mr. Ed. Collier: A fine series of nearly all the known species of Helicophanta, Panda, Acavus, and Stylodonta, comprising the genus Mac- roon, dealt with in his paper.
By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Helv pygmea, from Wythenshawe (presented to the cabinet); Cyprca tessellata, C. caput-anguts, C. tsabelia, C. arabica, C. mauritiana, C. carneola, Trivia madagascariensis, and others, from Honolulu.
By Mr. Thos. Rogers: Rhytida whitelegget, and some near allies from Tasmania ; Vanina sophie and Helix howetnsule, from Lord Howe Island; flelix globosa, Khytida confusa, and Helicarion robustus, from New South Wales.
MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,
At the Owens College, February 14th, 1895.
My. k. D. Darbishire in the chair.
Exhibits :
By Mr. Darbishire: A case of Helix. nenoralis showing difference hetweeen British and Continental specimens; Admete vir¢dula, and ten species of Z7ichotropis, mostly collected by the late Mr. H. Adams in Japan, including a fine example of 7. wzcartnata, and examples of 7. borealis from east and west coasts of Scotland, Iceland, North America, and Japan; Chiton discrepans of unusual size, and spirit specimens of Sepiola atlantica, and Loligo media from Jersey ; sections of shells of Olva exythrostoma and Ovula volva, prepared by Mr. A. Hartley.
J.C., viii., Apr. 1895
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 55
By Mr. Ed. Collier : Rare land shells from Central China, German New Guinea, and Philippines, received from O. F. von Mollendorf, including Cochlostyla dactylus, C. connectens, C. evanescens, C. diversicolor, C. fuli- einosa, and C. hidalgot, Obba bulacanensts, and O. horizontalis, Chlorea cerulea, Stegodera augustecollis, and Geotro-hus wiegmannt.
By Dr. G. W. Chaster: Zeredo megotara var. minola collected alive on the shore at Southport, and a series of the British Eulimidee.
By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: Eight specimens of Conus splendidulius dredged off Berbera in the Gulf of Aden; and Achatina churchilliana, a new species from Natal, described by Messrs. Melvill and Ponsonby (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1895). This unique specimen is in the collection in the Manchester Museum, Owens College. ;
By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: A fine specimen of Betcetnune humphieystanum taken from the stomach of a gurnard purchased in the London market.
MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING,
At Prestwich, March 14th, 1895.
In response to an invitation from Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill to hold a meeting at his residence, Brook House, Sedgeley Park, a large number of members of the branch and friends attended, and greatly appreciated the opportunity thus afforded of viewing a considerable portion of his extensive and varied collection of all orders of mollusca.
Mr. Melvill occupied the chair, and read ‘An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh Cuming, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.” (Printed in this number of the Journal.)
A cordial vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Melvill, and the rest of the evening was agreeably passed in examination of the collections in his numer-
ous cabinets. —_—___—_.9o—____—_——
Note on Cyprea tessellata (Sowb.). ‘The precise habitat of this species has been long uncertain, and localities, when given at all, have been quoted doubtfully. Later writers give the Sandwich Islands and New Zealand—the latter with a query. Authentic information was afforded by the recent exhi- bition to the Manchester Branch of two examples collected ona sandy beach at Kahuku, Oahu, Sandwich Islands, in 1891, by Mr. E. Worthington, who was present at the meeting, and gave an interesting account of his finding them associated with 77/vza Madagascariensis, Cyp. caput-anguis, and numerous other species of lesser note. The smaller specimen is now in the collection of Mr. R. Cairns ; and the other, a magnificent one, in good con- dition, (40 mill. long, by 29 mill. broad, and 23 mill. high), is in the collection of Mr. Thomas Rogers. The above dimensions considerably exceed those mentioned by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill (Monogr. Cyprezeidze, pp. 22, 70). ‘Iwo of three specimens in the Manchester Museum, Owens College measure about 28 mill. in length.—R. STanvDEN (Read before Conch. Soc., April 3rd, 1895).
56 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The Cambridge Natural History. Vol. III. Molluscs. by the Rev. A. H. Cooke; Brachiopods (recent). by A. E. Shipley ; Brachiopods (fossil), by F. R. C. Reed. London: Macmillan, 535 pp., 8vo., maps and cuts ; price 17/-.
The present volume, although the third in respect of the complete scheme of the work, is the first to appear of a new treatise on zoology, which is edited and for the most part written by Cambridge men, and ‘‘is intended, in the first instance, for those who have not had any special scien- tific training, and who are not necessarily acquainted with scientific language. At the same time, an attempt is made not only to combine popular treat- ment with the latest results of modern scientific research, but to make the volumes useful to those who may be regarded as serious students in the various subjects.” It will be seen from these extracts from the prospectus that the work could hardly have been planned on lines better fitted to meet the requirements of the members of the Conchological Society.
Turning to the contents of the book itself, we find at the outset a tabular statement of the classification adopted. The arrangement of the Cephalopoda presents no noteworthy features, except that it professes to follow that given in the ‘Challenger’ Reports, but does not. The Gastropoda (or Gasteropoda as Mr. Cooke prefers to write the word) are divided into Amphzneura, Pi osobranchiata, Opesthobranchiata, and Pulmonata. The Prosobranchiata are sub-divided, firstly in accordance with the number of auricles in the heart, and secondly according to theform of the radula. Among the Ofzstho- branchiata, we notice the inclusion of the Pterxofoda, which, however, are still retained as one group and not divided between the Bulloid and Aply- sioid Tectibranchs,as by Pelseneer. This appears to us rather a half-hearted proceeding. The Bivalves, for which the name Pe/ecypoda is (rightly, in our opinion) adopted, are classified according to the anatomical scheme, based mainly on the gills, of Pilseneer. This is doubtless a great advance on the artificial system of Fischer’s well-known text-book, and is probably the best which has been hitherto propounded, though the way in which it runs counter to some of Neumayr’s beautiful palzeontological series renders it open to suspicion in certain directions.
The earlier chapters of the work discuss general questions, such as ‘Origin of land and fresh-water mollusca; their habits and general economy.’ The important topic of ‘Variation’ is discussed in fourteen pages, and appre- ciative reference is made to our President’s memoir in vol. v. of this Journal. We would especially commend to the notice of all our collectors, the figures on page 90. We should much like to erase the names from it, and then hand it round as a kind of picture puzzle, and ask the views of conchologists as the number of species there represented. Particularly interesting reading will be found in chapter iv., which treats of the decorative and economic uses of mollusca, including the rate of exchange at which cowries pass for money, the use of bivalve hinges as bills and receipts, pearls and pearl
J.C, viit., Apr. 1895)
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 57
fisheries, the oyster and its culture, the rearing of snails for market, and con- cluding with a few words on the prices that have been paid for remarkable shells.
The anatomical sections are clearly written and well up-to-date, and as might be expected, the treatment of the radula is specially complete ; we are acquainted with no work in which the account of this organ is so satisfactory. Three chapters are devoted to geographical distribution, and the more strik- ing forms characteristic of the different regions of the world are enumerated. The last one-hundred-and-fifty pages are devoted to a systematic survey of the whole sub-kingdom, in which the definitions of the groups are given as far down as families, with abundant illustrations of typical species. Particu- larly instructive are two series of drawings depicting the transition of the shell, from the pointed spiral to the almost flattened plate, and also its gradual covering by the mantle in the Tectibranchiata.
The Brachiopoda are treated from two distinct points of view—the mor- phological, with special reference naturally to the recent forms, by Mr. A. E. Shipley ; and the palzeontological by Mr. F. R. Cowper Reed. Both are in their different ways admirable.
We cannot conclude without a word in praise of the illustrations in the work ; a very large proportion of them are new—a most praiseworthy con- trast to the practice of reproducing figures time after time, which is only too prevalent. This fact naturally renders the volume somewhat more expensive than it would otherwise have been, but it is anything but dear. We com- mend it to all our members who have a mind for the scientific aspects of their study, which alone can render the collection of shells a dignified and intellectual pursuit.
The Manchester Museum, Owens College. Museum Hand- books. Catalogue of the Booksand Pamphlets in the Library, arranged according to subjects and authors. By William E. Hoyle. Manchester: Cornish. 302 pp. 8vo.; price 2/6.
The Library of the Manchester Museum and its collections are, we learn from the regulations printed on the cover of this volume, ‘‘ open to persons desirous to make use of them for the purposes of study.” To such it must be of great importance to be able to ascertain in their own homes whether the works they desire to consult are in the library or not, and to obtain an accurate idea of the resources of the library on any given topic. Such know- ledge may save many a fruitless journey and suggest many a productive one.
To facilitate the work of consultation, the catalogue has been drawn up in duplicate: in the first section the books are arranged according to sub- jects, and the difficulty of deciding in doubtful cases on the class to which the book should be assigned is met by a liberal use of cross references. Looking for ‘Mollusca,’ we find them treated under ‘Paleontology,’ and also under ‘Zoology.’ This division may seem somewhat antiquated when so much stress is laid on the necessity of studying recent and fossil forms side by side, but it was perhaps advisable in the case of a museum where the respective col- lections are in the main separated. Thetitles of books and pamphletsbearing on
58 BIBLIOGRAPHY,
these animals occupy twenty-five pages. Amongst them we notice the classic treatises of Kiener, Reeve, Sowerby, and Tryon, along with a large number of tracts bearing on the fauna of different regions ; for example, twenty-six works are catalogued bearing on the mollusca of France alone, and other countries are nearly as well represented.
In the second section of the cata'ogue, the works are arranged alpha- betically, according to the author’s name, the titles being contracted so that two columns may go in a page, so that if a particular work by a particular author is sought it can be very readily found. At the end is an index of subjects by which reference can be instantly made either to the shelves of the library or to pages of the catalogue. We are sure that all working naturalists in Manchester and the neighbourhood will find this catalogue a valuable help in their studies.
The Journal of Malacology, Vol. IV, No. 1, March 30th, 1895. Edited by Wilfred Mark Webb, F.L.S., and Walter E. Collinge, F.Z.S.
The first number of this magazine, already so well-known to all students of the mollusca, under the new joint editorship of Mr. W. M. Webb and Mr. W. E. Collinge, augurs well for its future, and we would wish to express our sincere congratulations and best wishes for its success in every way.
The principal original articles are six in number: two being devoted to our native oyster ( Ostvea edulis) under two different aspects. One is by Mr. W. M. Webb, on the di-myarian stage of this bivalve, with three explana- tory diagrams, and one full plate, which would tend to prove the existence of a posterior adductor muscle at one period of its existence ; the other, by John C. Thresh, deals with oysters as disseminators of disease, especially cholera and typhoid fever, when the beds are liable to sewage contamina- tion. The eating of oysters procured from such sources is proved to be attended with much danger, and the earlier attention is called to the matter the better.
There are descriptions of Zzmax hedleyz sp. n. from Ireland, and a note on Amaha parryi sp. n. from Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, by Mr. Walter E. Collinge. Mr. George Bailey has observed the process of fission in Cheto- gaster, a worm parasitic on Limnea stagnalis, but his paper would have been more complete if he had referred to Lankester’s work on the subject ; and, lastly, Mr. Edgar A. Smith unearths the prior names J/orio (Mont- fort) and Lambideum (Link.) which will have in future to supersede the well-known terms Cass¢darza (Lamarck) and Oziscéa (Sowerby). We are sorry for this, but it is well to have the question settled, once for all, and doubtless many other well-known names will in time have to give place to others waiting for a priority-student to unearth. We may point out that many generic names are in a like predicament, and we fear the classification of these will be a most difficult, and in some cases almost hopeless, matter. Some interesting notes on mollusca, both recent and fossil follow, and the number concludes with the usual full and clear tabular arrangement of cur- rent literature.
——————$ + @-________
J.C., viii., Apr. 1859.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 59
AN EPITOME OF THE LIFE OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING, F.LS., C.M.ZS., &c.
By J. © MELVILL, MA., FI.S.
(Read before the Conchological Society, May rst, 1895).
THE science of conchology, more especially as regards its geo-
graphical and systematic aspects, owes, perhaps, more primarily to the subject of the forthcoming sketch than to any who either preceded or followed him.
The history of the career of the late Mr. Hugh Cuming may be told very briefly. He was born on February r4th, 1791, at West Alvington, near Kingsbridge, South Devon, and we gather his parents were possessed but of small means, for very early in life, say at the age of thirteen or fourteen, he was apprenticed to a sail-maker in the neighbourhood, and this gave him the opportunity of making acquaintance with many sailors, who fired his youthful imagination, in which a strong leaning towards the pursuit of natural history had already been dis- cerned, with stirring tales of the delights and excitements of foreign travel. Accordingly he did not rest until he himself had with his own eyes beheld the marvels so vividly pourtrayed by his friends ; and, in the year 1819, the opportunity somewhat suddenly arrived. An opening in business was found for him in Valparaiso, and he accordingly set sail for Chili in the middle of that year. Here he at once began, without delay, to lay the foundations of those collections for which he became so famous in after years, and by a piece of good fortune he almost at the outset fell in with Lieut. Frembley, one of the officers of the survey under the command of Captains King and Fitzroy. Frembley is well known as a conchologist, having been the first to study those large Chitonidz which abound on the Chilian coasts, and many were described by him for the first time. The other officers also lent their aid to Cuming, and Mr. Nugent, the English consul at Valparaiso, proved a very kind
60 MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
and valued friend to the young enthusiast. So absorbing in- deed were these tastes, that a few years later, in 1826, he actually retired from business, in order that he might be unfettered and able without let or hindrance to follow the dictates of his inclination. He, therefore, built and fully equipped a yacht, especially designed for the purpose of dredg- ing and collecting natural history specimens, and began his cruise amongst the South Pacific Islands. He first touched at the Island of Juan Fernandez, situate some 400 miles west of Valparaiso, and noteworthy as the retreat of Alexander Selkirk.
From thence he sailed to the Society Islands, and visited Pitcairn’s Island, so famous for having been colonized by the descendants of the mutineers of Zhe Bounty. Nearly forty years had passed since this event when Cuming visited the place, and he was pleased at making acquaintance with John Adams, one of the few original survivors. He stayed with him some little time, and was much impressed at the patriarchal character assumed by this good old man as head of the colony, now so prosperous.
One after another of the small groups of islands, most of them coral-reefs or atolls, was visited by Cuming. It will be noticed that the small Island of Annaa, only signified by a minute dot on the Polynesian map, being one of the most west- ward of the Low Archipelago, or Paumotu Isles, is men- tioned as a locality for many rare tropical shells in the pages of Reeve and Sowerby, and on the older labels of the national collection. For some time Mr. Cuming made this isle his head quarters, and here reaped a rich and abundant harvest, principally in the showy marine genera—Conus, AZitra, Pleuro- toma, Cyprea, etc., that affect sunny shallow coral reefs.
After a circular tour round most of these groups, he re- turned to Valparaiso, and forthwith began to prepare for his second extensive voyage of exploration, viz., along the western shores of the great South American continent. He was aided
J.C, vili., Apr. 1895.
MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. 61
in every way by the Chilian Government, which allowed him to anchor in its ports free of charge, and also provided him with letters of introduction to the authorities of all the places he wished to visit; and consequently every facility was given him, and his collections grew apace.
Two years were spent in explorations along the coasts, from Lima southward to the Isle of Chiloe, where he both dredged largely and collected shells at half-tide and low water. Here the larger forms of Patella, Chiton, and Fissuredla, attain their maximum size, and other interesting monotypic forms, such as Chorus giganteus and Concholepas peruvianus, delight the naturalist. It is calculated Cuming collected nearly 400 species during this expedition. He included the Galapagos Islands in his researches, at which isolated group he found rir marine shells. He did not pay so much attention to the land mollusca as Darwin, who visited the group a year or two later in Zhe Beagle, and made closer observations regarding its climate, soil, and natural productions.
This voyage completed, Cuming now returned to England and thereupon came a turning point in his career. He awoke to find himself famous.. In 1831 the Zoological Society came into existence, and its opening volumes contain the first descrip- tions of new species discovered by this ardent conchologist. Mr. W. J. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby, the elder, mainly contributing the systematic and descriptive articles, while Prof. R. Owen detailed the anatomy of the more remarkable. This brought Mr. Cuming very prominently before the scientific world, and it was thought desirable that a man posses- sing such unusual qualifications should explore portions of the tropical eastern hemisphere in the same way as the western had been so successfully traversed, and he, therefore, turned his attention to that large, and then almost unknown, group, the Philippine Islands, belonging then, as now, to Spain. Through the influence of the Earl of Derby, he was provided with letters from the authorities at Madrid to the Governor of Manila, and
62 MELYILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
likewise to the Archbishop of the same place, and on his arrival, he found every attention given him, and assistance in carrying out his work. He happily possessed a considerable knowledge of the Spanish tongue, which was, of course, indispensable. He systematically travelled through nearly all the islands, not merely Luzon and Mindanao, but the smaller, such as Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Ticao, Cebu, Mindoro, Masbate, Panay, Negros, and others, everywhere becoming the guest for the time being of the Padre of each village and township ; and for four-and-a-half years he continually laboured, with unrivalled results. It is true that Semper, and more recently von Moellendorff, have added several species to the lists, but still the fact remains that so assiduously did Cuming scour the interior, sometimes quite pathless, of these islands after specimens, that by far the majority of the terrestrial and fluviatile mollusca were dis- covered by him. It is calculated, by Kobelt, that there are about 600 species in the Philippines—of these the genus Cochlo- sty/a, in its wider sense, contains more than a third, say 211 species (Fischer).
The principal method adopted by Cuming was, by a small bribe, to engage the services of the school children, who would traverse the woods and forests where the greatest exuberance of life was to be found, and daily bring him new and beautiful spoils, many being thus secured which are still almost, if not quite unique. Such is the Cochlostyla leytensts, that beautiful almost hyaline shell, latticed with green.
The natives, naturally, were slow to comprehend why he required this vast array of snail shells, and he was frequently interrogated as to this. He found that they were beyond understanding what cabinets of Natural History meant ; and as they are in the habit of burning these shells for the sake of the ash to assist them in chewing the betel-nut, he had to resort to the expedient of telling them that he required all he could get to send to England for the same purpose, and this appeared to satisfy their minds. Another strong influence he exercised over
~
J-C., viti., Apr. 1895.
MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. . 63
the natives by practising as a medicine man. Nearly all our most successful travellers, such as George Gardner, in Brazil, and Wallace, in the Malay Archipelago, have attributed much of that success to this gift, and Cuming always carried supplies of quinine and other drugs with him, and was soon con- sidered a friend in need by all. He was not only welcomed, but feared as a kind of supernatural power, and the priest often came second-hand in their regard, upon some patient being restored by his agency.
More than four years passed in this arduous, but delightful way, and he then on his return journey paid short visits to Singa- pore, and the Malay Peninsula, finishing up with a short period at St. Helena, and quickly returning to England with more spoils than had ever before fallen to the lot of one man to collect personally. According to Woodward, he found 2,500 species of marine shells, of which 250 were A@itra, 120 Conus, 100 Pleurotoma, and 50 Cyprea, and in land shells over 500 species. He also collected 130,000 specimens of plants, both living and dried, some of which, specifically and generically, bear his name. Many birds, mammals, and reptiles, also, several new to science, were included in his collections, and, although he was not, as were Wallace and Bates, an entomologist, he did not neglect this vast field, but brought home many specimens of both Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. As we have before remarked in this sketch, a search through the early volumes of the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ then known as ‘Charlesworth’s Magazine,’ and of the Linnean Society, amply testifies to the value of his collections.
Mr. Cuming, being his own master, was enabled to exchange his specimens for other desiderata, and annually he visited the chief museums and cabinets in Europe, always with an eye to a satisfactory bargain. He thus succeeded in amass- ing a series unequalled and unique in every way, and estimated to contain nearly 19,000 species and varieties.
64 MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
He was a well-known figure at Stevens’ sales, in King Street, Covent Garden, in the days when shell sales used to be more frequent than at present, and always well attended, with a considerable amount of competition amongst the many votaries, as Miers, Lombe-Taylor, Angas, Barclay, &c., who all were in the habit of personally attending. In April, 1865, at the sale of the collection of the late J. Dennison, of Liverpool, which abounded in rare and beautiful examples, I have a very vivid recollection of seeing him sitting before the green baize table in front of the auctioneer’s desk, and very intent on the various treasures as they were handed round lot by lot before being put up to auction. *I remember him as a somewhat stout, rubi- cund, good-humoured looking old man, with scanty, white curly hair, dressed in black, with open waistcoat, and white-frilled shirt front. I remember, too, seeing him secure what probably was his last purchase—Pseudachatina Downesit and P. Wrightit on the third day of the sale. He died four months later (Aug. ro). That winter (1865) his duplicates mostly of land shells were sold by Stevens, enormous quantities of the commoner forms of Flelicostyla, Cochlostyla, Cyclophorus, etc., being put up to auction, proving how enormous were the stores of duplicates amassed, especially from the Philippine Islands.
The disposition of his collection, and the offer of them primarily to the British Museum for the sum of £6,000, occasioned the Keeper of the Natural History department (the late Sir Richard Owen,) much anxiety, his first fear being that so valuable and unique a collection should be allowed to depart from this country, and it is worth while here transcribing part of the appeal issued by Professor Owen, in which he urges, in impassioned language, the purchase by the nation, in a letter addressed to Dean Buckland, a trustee of the British Museum, during Mr. Cuming’s life-time, in 1848, when the first offer for sale was made, but not then accepted :—
*T exhibit a photograph of Mr. Cuming, taken about the year 1861, by Joseph Sidebotham, Esq., of Bowdon, who gave it me many years ago. ;
J.C., viii., Apr. 1895.
MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. 65
‘“‘T may briefly state that this collection, as now offered to the British Museum, contains upwards of 19,000 species and varieties of shells, represented by about 60,000 specimens ; and that not only is every specimen entire, but choice and perfect of its kind, as respects form, texture, colour, and other characters that give it value in the eyes of the shell-collector.
“As I can affirm from my personal knowledge, and from authentic sources of information, that no public collection in Europe possesses one-half the number of species of shells that are now in the Cumingian collection, you may judge of the vast proportion of rarities and unique specimens possessed by Mr. Cuming. It is this which has given him for some years past the command, so to speak, of all the conchological cabinets in Europe. He is better known and respected, and his labours more truly and generally appreciated in any city or town in Europe having a public natural history museum than in busy London. Mr. Cuming in his annual visits to the continent carries with him the inferior duplicates of his rarities, represent- ing species with the sight of which the eyes of the foreign naturalist are gladdened for the first time. They open to him their treasures in return, and from most of the collections of Europe Mr. Cuming has borne away the prized species or speci- mens in exchange for the still rarer and more valuable shells which his abundance has enabled him to offer without detri- ment to his own stores.
“The mode in which Mr. Cuming has obtained this con- chological wealth is as moral and exemplary as the result is important and marvellous, considered as the work of one indi- vidual. Not restricting his pursuit to the stores and shops of the curiosity-mongers of our seaports, or depending on casual opportunities of obtaining rarities by purchase, he has devoted more than thirty of the best years of his life to arduous and hazardous personal exertion, dredging, diving, working, wander- - ing under the Equator and through the Tropics, the Temperate Zones, both north and south, in the Atlantic, in the Pacific, in
31/7/95. E
66 MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
the Indian Ocean, and in the islands of its rich Archipelago— in the labour of obtaining from native seas, shores, lakes, rivers, and forests, the marine, fluviatile, and terrestrial mollusca, 60,000 of whose shelly skeletons, external and internal, are accu- mulated in orderly series in the cabinets with which the floors of his house now groan. I never think of the casualities to which such a collection in such a place is subject without a shudder! . . . Perhaps one of the most striking points in the estimate of the scientific value of an extensive collection like Mr. Cuming’s, arises out of its relation to the present active pursuit of geology as an indispensable instrument to the deter- mination of fossil shells. No one can give higher sanction than yourself to any expression of the importance of well-determined fossils, and especially shells, to a right knowledge of the relative age and position of the strata in which they were embedded; and the geologist’s confidence in results based upon fossil con- chology must be in the ratio of the extent of this comparison with recent shells that have been gone through in the deter- mination of the fossil shells, and especially before a species is pronounced to be extinct.
“This, however, is but one of its scientific uses. From the period when the Atlantic, American, and Polynesian depart- ments of the Cumingian collection reached England, in 1831, scientific conchologists have there found subjects without inter- mission for their descriptions, and the novelties were far from being exhausted when Mr. Cuming having undertaken a third exploring voyage, returned in 1840 from Manilla, stored with the conchological riches of the Indian Ocean, which have subse- quently kept the pens of competent describers of new genera and species actively at work, and will supply them for years to come. Thus the Cumingian Collection has directly advanced the science of conchology in an unexampled degree, and - possesses the same peculiar claims upon the Government as custodians of the National collection here which Linnzeus’ Herbarium did upon the Swedish State. Mr. Cuming’s
J.C., viii., July, 1895.
MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING. 67
collection contains, for example, the originals from which many hundred new species have been described in the scientific periodicals or systematic works published since its arrival in this country.
** Any doubt that may arise through the incompleteness or obscurity of the description, or from the inaptitude of the student, may be decided at once hy reference to the original specimens, ‘These ‘types of the species’ become, therefore, an instrument of great importance to the progress of the science in the country in which they are preserved and made accessible. Delay in securing for the nation the Cumingian types of new species of shells may involve the necessity of crossing the Atlantic in order to compare and verify the descriptions and synonyms of Broderip, Sowerby, Gray, Reeve, and other eminent conchologists, ; .
“The value of a shell, as of a jewel, depends much upon its rarity, and is to that extent artificial The Concha unica, which to-day commands the sum of twenty pounds, shall, next week, when a score of specimens have come into the market, fall in price to as many shillings. Still, the commonest exotic shell, if it be perfect and well coloured, and taken from a living mollusk, as is the case with the Cumingian collection, from which ‘dead’ shells have been strictly excluded, finds its market.
“T am given to understand, by competent authorities, that the sum of £6,000 asked by Mr. Cuming in 1846 does not exceed two-thirds of the most moderate estimate of the present market value of his subsequently augmented collection.
“That ten times that sum would not bring together such a series as Mr. Cuming has offered to the British Museum, I do firmly believe, from a knowledge of the peculiar tact in discover- ing and collecting, the hardy endurance of the attendant fatigue under deadly climes and influence, and the undaunted courage in encountering the adverse elements, and braving the opposition of the savage inhabitants of seldom-visited isles, which have con-
68 MELVILL : MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
duced and concurred to crown the labours of Mr. Cuming with a success of which his unrivalled collection is a fitting monument, and of which science, and, let us hope, its cultivators in his native country more particularly, will long continue to reap the benefits.” *
The British Museum purchased the collection in 1866.
No less than 152 species of shells were specifically named in honour of this great naturalist, and I exhibit this evening examples of considerably more than half that number, the most conspicuous perhaps being the Voluta, Mitra, Natica, Cerithium, Neritina, Tridacna, and Mactra.
Unio cumingit is also perhaps the most beautiful of a some- what sombre assemblage. Several of the species named after Mr. Cuming are unique and only to be found in our national collection, while others I have searched in vain for even there. One—Zngina cumingiana—I described as recently as January in this year (1895) from a specimen in the national collection, formerly in Mr. Cuming’s.
Mr. Cuming died August roth, 1865, aged seventy-four years. One of his daughters married Mr. Thomas Bridges (1803—1865) a successful South American traveller and natura- list, in whose honour Bulimus bridgesit and Fissurella bridgesit were named.
$e
A portrait of Mr. Cuming, reproduced from a photograph taken by the late Mr. Sidebotham, F.L.S., of Bowdon, which was exhibited at the meeting, appears in this number of the Journal.
On the succeeding pages is given a list of mollusca named in honour of Mr. Hugh Cuming, amounting, as I have said, to 152 species, besides which Sowerby called after him the genus Cumingia in the family Ze//inzde, consisting of eighteen species of West American and Antillean mollusca.
c. f. “ Life of Sir Richard Owen,” by his grandson, the Rev. Richard Owen, vol. +> PP. 313, etc., 1894, where this appeal is given almost in extenso,
J.C., viti., July 1895.
MELVILL :
MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
69
LIST OF MOLLUSCA NAMED IN HONOUR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
PTEROPODA. Hyalea Cumingit (A. Adams).
GASTROPODA. Murex Cumingit (A. Adams). Typhis Cumingii (Brod. and Sowb. ). Neptunea Cumangit (Crosse). Cantharus Cumingianus (Dunker). Metula Cumingizt (A. Adams). Daphnella Cumingit (Powis). Mangilia Cumingii (E. A. Smith). Triton Cumingtt (A. Adams). Ranella Cumingiana (Dunker). Bullia Cumingiana (Dunker). Buccinum Cumingii (Sowb.). Phos Cumingit (Reeve). Nassa Cumingiz (A. Adams). Leptoconchus Cumingii (Desh. ). Oliva Cumiingit (Reeve). Tudicla Cumdtngit (Jonas). Voluta Cumingz (Broderip). Mitra Cumingid (Reeve). Marginella Cumingiana (Petit). Columbella Cumingit (Reeve). Engina Cumingiana (Melvill). Dolium Cumingit (Hanley). Natica Cumingiana (Recluz). Scalaria Cuming (Carpenter). Terebra Cumingit (Desh. ). Chemnitzia Cumingii (Carp.). Eulima Cumingit (A. Adams). Stylifer Cumingiana (A. Adams). Solarium Cuningit (Hanley). _ Conus Cuming (Reeve). Cyprea Cumingit (Gray). Ovulum Cumingit (Morch)=con-
cinnum 2B
Cancellaria Cumingiana (Petit). Cerithium Cumingit (A. Adams). Lampania Cumingtt (Crosse). Paludomus Cumingianus (Dohrn). Melania Cumingzt (Lea). Echinella Cuméngztt (Phil. ). Modulus Cumingit (A. Adams). Paludina Cumingii (Hanley).
Fossar Cumingtt (A. Adams). Rissoina Cumingit (Reeve). Ampullaria Cumingit (Sing). Ampullaria Cumingit (Phil. ). Ammicola Cumingiana (Fischer). Turritella Cumingit (Reeve). Stliguaria Cumingit (Morch). Narica Cumingit (Recluz). Neritina Cumingiana (Recluz) Navicella Cumingiana (Recluz). Crucibulum imbricatum (Brod.) var. Cumingtt (Carp. ). Trochus Cumingie (A. Adams). Gibbula Cumineit (A. Adams). Margarita Cumingit (A. Adams). Stomatella Cuméngit (A. Adams). Brodertpia Cumingiz (A. Adams). Fissurella Cumingii (Reeve). Emarginula Cumingtt (A. Adams). Rimula Cumtngi (A. Adams). Patelloidea Cuméingii (Reeve). Chiton Cumingtt (Frembley). OPISTHOBRANCHIATA. Tornatella Cuméingn (A. Adams). Lophocercus Cumingit (A. Adams). Umbrella Cumingit (Desh.). Lobiger Cumingit (A. Adams). PULMONIFERA. Streptaxis Cumingiana (Pfr.). Oleacina rosea(Fér.) = Cumingti(Veck) Linnea Cumingtana (Pfr.). Feltela Cumtngit (Pir.). flelicarion Cumingzt (Beck). Omalonyx Cumingit (Pfr. ). Simpulopsis Cuminge (Pfr. ). Achatina Cuméngid (Shuttleworth). Flelix (Axina) Cumingit (Pir.). HI. (Arianta) arbustorum (L.) var. Cumingzana (Boubée). Cochlostyla Cumingii (Pfr.). Careia Cumingiana (Pfr.). Achatinella Cumingzi (Newc.). Cionella Cumingiana (Pir.), Tomigerus Cuniingi (Newc.).
7°
Strophia Cumingiana (Pfr.). Succinea Cumingit (Beck). Cylindrella Cumingiana (Pfr.) =elongata B Claustlia Cumingiana (Pfr.). Planorbis Cumingianus (Dunker). Pythia Cumingiana (Petit). Cassidula Cumingiana (Recluz). Amphipeplea Cumingiana (Pfr.). Physa Cumingit (H. Adams). Ancylus Cumingianus (Bourg. ). Pterocyclos Cumingzi (Pir. ). Cyclophorus Cumingit (Sowb. ). Helicina Cumingiana (Pfr. ). Cataulus Cumingit (Pfr. ). Pupina Cumingana (Pfr.). Stoastoma Cumingianum (C. B. Ad.). Truncatella Cumingi (C. B. Ad.) =var. scalars.
PELECYPODA. Aspergillum Cumingianum (Chem. ). Jouannetia Cumingzt (Sowb.). Cyrtodaria Cumingz (Dunker). Cultellus Cumingianus (Dunker).
' Anatina Cumingit (Val.). Peviploma Cumingiana (Fischer). Pandora Cumingiz (Hanley). Mactra Cumingit (Desh. ). Zenatia Cumingiana (D’Orbigny). Cacella Cumingiana (Desh. ). Feterocardin Cumingiz (Desh.). Soletellina Cumingiana (Desh. ). Tellina Cumingic (Hanley). Galathea Cumingzt (Dunker). Sunetta Cumengit (Hanley). Dosinia Cuming (Reeve).
Tapes Cumingit (Sowb. ). Anattis Cumingtt (Sowb.).
MELVILL: MEMOIR OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
Donax Cumingit (Dunker). Venerupis Cuminge (Desh. ). Glauconome Cumingii (Prime). Cyrena, Cumtngiz (Desh.). Cyrenoida Cumingiz (Sowb.). Cardium Cuming (Brod. ). Tridacna Cunvingit (Reeve). Lucina Cumingi (Adams & Angas). Loripes Cumingzana (Frfld.). Diplodonta Cumingit (Sow.). Scintilla Cumingtd (Desh. ). Pythina Cumingit (A. Adams). Crassatella Cuméingit (A. Adams). Cardita Cuming (Desh. ). Unio Cumingii (Lea). Anodonta Cumingi (Lea). Monocondylea Cumingiz (Lea). Mytilus Cumingianus (Recluz). Crenella Cumingiana (Dunker). Lithodomius Cumitngianus (Dunker). Septifer Cumingzt (Recluz). Dreissena Cumingiana (Dunker). Perna Cumingit (Reeve). Pinna Cumingiz (Hanley). Arca Cumingit (Dunker). Limopsis Cumingiana (A. Adams). Nucula Cumingit (Hinds). Netlo Cumingit (A. Adams) =australis (Quoy). Pecten Cumingit (Reeve).
Spondylus Cumingit (Sowb. ).
Lima Cumingtt (Sowb.).
Placunanomia Cuntzngiz (Brod.).
Ostrea Cumingiana (Dunker). BRACHIOPODA.
Terebratulina Cumtngid (Davidson).
Mages Cumingit (Gray).
Discina Cumingiz (Brod. ).
SSS
Segmentina lineata in Northamptonshire.
Mr. C. E. Wright,
of Kettering, has shown me a specimen of this species which he lately found
in Desborough brook.
—LIONEL E. ApAms, Northampton, March 5th, 1895.
This is, I believe, the first record for the county.
(Read before the
Conchological Society, April 3rd, 1895.)
J.C., viit., July 1895.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Ut
SOME PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF THE LATE HUGH CUMING.
By E. L. LAYARD, C.M.G., F.Z.S., &c., &c.
I hope Imay be permitted to add to Mr. Melvill’s Epitome of the Life of the Late Hugh Cuming some personal reminis- cences of my old friend with whom I was on such intimate terms, as aman so much my senior, would admit a younger man. I was one of the very few, and I suspect I am about the only man living, who was ever admitted to his sanctum sanctorum—the third floor of his residence in Gower Street (No. 80 I think it was) where he worked, and kept many of his rarest duplicates, the vast majority of which were stored in the cellar.
He permitted me to see him at his work, ze, making up collections for his customers and correspondents, a privilege accorded but to few. Tome he had taken a great fancy. I had corresponded with him when I resided at Point Pedro, the northern point of Ceylon, as a Magistrate, and there com- menced my first dredging experiences, with a dredge, the design of which he had sent me, cut in cardboard.
I first knew him, Zersonal/y, in 1852 or 1853, just before the Crimean War. I had taken lodgings in Great Russell Street, facing the British Museum (where I was then working at my “Catalogue of the Birds of Ceylon,”) and was thus pretty contiguous to Gower Street. He often spent the evening with us, and always called for me on the meeting nights of the Zoological Society, when we walked to and from the Society’s rooms together. While thus walking he used to delight to recur to his collecting days, and recount his experiences to one whom he felt was as ardent a collector as himself, and could participate in the intense enjoyment of the pursuit. I well remember his description of his finding ¢#ree examples of
42 LAYARD : REMINISCENCES OF LATE HUGH CUMING.
Conus gloria-mavis+ under one stone, on a reef, somewhere in the Philippine Islands. “I nearly fainted with delight,” he said.
On another occasion, immediately after his arrival in the Islands, he met a native, whom he had commissioned to get him some land-shells, stalking along with a large palm branch bag slung over his shoulder, from which escaped grand Cochlostyli, at that time perfectly unknown to science and to European collectors. They were crawling down the man’s back and dropping to the ground, while he walked on in perfect indifference to the treasures he was losing, but the sight of which drove my old friend frantic with delight !
I had placed my entire collection at his disposal, and it took him three nights to go over it! Each night he carried off one of the drawers of my cabinet, 16 x 14 inches, heaped up with specimens! ‘‘Madam,” he said to my mother, ‘‘I have never obtained so many valuable specimens from any single One night, I remember, he suddenly pounced down on a pair of most lovely Zu/ima, and placed them in his pocket, saying they were quite new, and too valu- able to be trusted among the other shells. They were the only
1?
collection, in my life
pair I ever dredged, and they came together inonehaul. They were over an inch long, of the most surprising smoothness and lustre, and a delicate rose tint.
In exchange for the shells I gave him, he gave me a fair series of the Philippine Island shells, and a series representing most of the genera of land and fresh water shells, to which I found myself obliged to restrict my collection, as I was a poor man, and unable to afford the necessary cabinets to contain the numerous and large marine species, and the cost of trans-
+ These three Conus gloria-marvis were found on a reef off the Island of Juena, near Bohol. Two of them now in the British Museum are not full grown ; the third is larger. Rumour has it that this particular reef was annihilated shortly afterwards through volcanic action, and certaiuly no Coxus gloria-maris have been found since that time (1838) either in this or any other locality. It may, therefore, lay claim to being almost as extinct as the Great Auk, or Dodo.—J. C. M.
J.C., viii., July 1895.
LAYARD: REMINISCENCES OF LATE HUGH CUMING. ae
porting these cabinets, and their contents, from place to place, as I had no fixed home.
I have often been asked why I have so seldom described the new species I have discovered in the various branches of Zoology to which I have, from time to time, devoted myself. This was entirely owing to the advice he gaveme. He pointed out, that without access to large museums and extensive libraries, in which to compare and work out my specimens, I must inevitably create numberless synonyms, and thus only make ‘confusion worse confounded.” He urged. me to continue my work as a field naturalist, and I have never regretted the choice I then made.
I was once witness to a most amusing scene with him. On being admitted into the house, and told that Mr. Cuming was in his ‘‘ den,” I ran upstairs and found my old friend in a towering passion. He was walking excitedly up and down the room, declaiming to his secretary, “‘ The idiots ! the fools !’—he exclaimed as I entered the room—‘‘ see what they have done to those lovely shells! Ruined as beautiful a series as ever I put together! I got them together for the King of Zito present to the National Museum, and the curator has oiled them, and as you know the colour in most of the Cochlostyli is in the epidermis, which changes to a dull brown when wetted, or oiled, and they have sent back the shells, saying I have
palmed off painted specimens! I don’t care for that, for they are foolsand don’t know a good shell from a bad one!
{??
But to see those beauties ruined! ‘That provokes me
I said I hoped they were not quite spoiled, and that if they had only been oiled, immersion in an alkali would prob- ably restore them. He gradually calmed down and became his own courteous, old-mannered, self again, and presently stepping to a cabinet he produced a fine example of AZegaspira Rustem- bergiana, which he handed to me, saying—“ That’s a shell I
*I do not mention names, lest some of the actors should be living.
74 LAYARD : REMINISCENCES OF LATE HUGH CUMING.
promised you for your generic collection.” I have it still, and I often recall to mind the incident, when I see it.
I can see the old gentleman now! His heavy florid face beaming over his white ‘‘ choker,” and his extensive prominent white frilled shirt and black vest; he always dressed in black. I only knew him when he was like the larger of the two por- traits I send, but it does not do him justice. He gave it to me himself, and wrote his name on it in my presence. And this reminds me, I do not think he could do more than write his name. All his letters to me were written by his secretary, though signed by himself, and I have heard him dictate to his employés scores of times. I regret the portraits are so damaged by water ; this was done during a hurricane in Fiji, when a large slice of the roof of my house flew away, and let in a deluge of rain. I beg the Society’s acceptance of them for its library, perhaps, if they are thought of any value, they can be cleaned, or restored to some even color throughout, when the damage will not be so apparent. I add a portrait of his friend, Lovell Reeve, who figured so many of his shells. I had this also from Mr. Reeve himself, and can vouch for its resemblance. The smaller portrait of Mr. Cuming I also had from himself.
I have often heard collectors complain of the inaccuracy of some of the localities given by Cuming, and I think I can account for this. As before stated, I have seen him making up a series of specimens for a correspondent, and I have also said I do not think he could write. I never saw a note book in his hand, nor were his shells in separate labelled boxes. He trusted entirely to his wonderful memory, not only for localities, but for the names of the shells and ¢hetr authors. We had a long plank table on tressels running the entire length of the room with its three windows. Along this he would walk, with a basket, or box, full of shells in one hand, from which he selected such specimens as he intended to supply to the collec- tion making up. Placing them on the table, he would dictate
J.C., viii., July 1895.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 715
to the secretary, name, author’s name, and locality. These the young man wrote on a slip of paper already prepared, and placed by the specimens, which were afterwards packed by him. My only wonder is, not that he made mistakes, but that he made so few.
I hope these reminiscences of the life of one of the greatest, if not ¢#e greatest, of collectors in the field in which we all take so much interest, will be acceptable to my brother members of the Conchological Society.
Otterbourne, May, 1895.
OOO
Nassa reticulata var. minor.—Mr. Marshall has given this varietal name to those small specimens of the species which present apparently adult characters, having the outer lip thickened and fluted inside. During the autumn, when dredging and shore-hunting along the South Devon coast, in company with my friend Mr. L. St. G. Byne, of Teignmouth, a good opportunity was afforded for studying the species, which was taken alive both on the shore and in shallow water, and of both the typical and so- called varietal forms. It was at once seen that the ‘variety’ is merely the normal young state of the shell. If an adult be examined with a moderate degree of care it is readily seen that the growth of the shell has not been uniform, but that one, two, or three whitish areas are to be recognised on the spire extending over two or three of the longitudinal ribs ; these ribs being set far more obliquely than those which immediately follow, there being a distinct line of demarcation between the two. Other similar areas not distinctly coloured may be detected. If, now, the shell be carefully broken, opposite each of these varicoid areas will be found, running down the inside of the whorl, the row of teeth which had once distinguished the var. minor stage. The columella opposite these is also frequently tuberculated. A shell of which one side has been ground away exhibits seven of these rows. Mr. Marshall’s small variety of Huléma bilznxeata probably belongs to the same category, but as the length only is given, there being an entire absence of any description, it is of course impossible to speak with con- fidence. An examination, however, of a fine example in my collection reveals the presence of no fewer than five of these resting stages, during which the outer lip has been slightly thickened and the two characteristic coloured bands have coalesced.—G. W. CHASTER, Southport. (ead before Manchester Branch of the Conchological Soctety, October 11, 1894).
76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
IPIR ONG 18, 18, ID IUIN Ge
237th MEETING, May Ist, 1895. Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., President, in the chair.
Donations to Library announced and thanks voted :
The Naturalist and Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, for May, and May— June, 1895—from the respective Editors.
Reprint of paper by Mr. C. T. Simpson, on Distribution of Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the West Indian Region and their evidence with regard to Past Changes of Land and Sea,—and Reprint of paper by Dr. Rudolph Bergh,—Die Hedyliden, eine Familie der kladohepatischen Nudi- branchien (Wien 1895) from the respective Authors.
Resignation of Members announced. Dr. C. W. Viner, and Mr. Wilfred Bendall.
Papers Read:
A Paper by Mr. James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., entitled “An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh Cuming, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., ete.,” was read. (See Journal of Conchology for April, 1895, p. 59).
Exhibits :
The President showed Zimnaa abyssicola from the Lake of Geneva, where it is found at a depth of 30—r100 metres, sent by Dr. Aug. Brot; a new species of 4zeca found at Ingleton ; examples of Zimnea auricularia and distorted examples of Z. stagnalis from the salt marshes of the Sea of Aral, sent by Rev. A. H. Cooke; specimens of Uzzio tumzdus taken by Rev, W. C. Hey at the dam at Yearsley, and the Foss near York, and others found within a hundred yards; the latter specimens beirg normal, the former much distorted by their position at the dam ; as well as examples of monstrosities of Planorbis marginatus, collected by Mr. J. Beevers at Waterloo near Leeds. ;
He also showed a number of shells collected in the Camargue, or Delta of the Rhone, dept. Bouches-du-Rhone, France, by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., including Cardiwm edule, Helix aspersa, H. vermiculata, Aporrhais pes-pelecani, H. pisana, H. acuta, Limnea stagnalis, and L. palustris from the Camargue itself, H. aspersa and var. exalbida and H. nemoralis var. castanea 00000 from Arles, H. asfersa, H. vermiculata, H. virgata, H. terrestris, H. pisana, and Limnea palustris from la Crau, L. palustris from the Etang de Consecaniere, Azodonta anatina, Limnea stagnalis, L. palustris, Planorbis corneus, Paludina contecta, and Bythinia tenta- culata, from the Marais de Meyranne, Bouches-du-Rhone.
J.C., viii., July 1895.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77.
On behalf of Mr. Fred Rhodes was shown a specimen of Helix nemoralis var. rubella 00000 from Calverley, Yorkshire.
On behalf of Mr. Edgar L. Layard, C.M.Z.S., were shown a number of examples of a very dark form of Helix ttala (ericetorum) from the Isles of Aran, off the West Coast of Ireland.
On behalf of Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., were shown examples of Limnea peregra from a very hot water cistern at Cheadle, Staffs.—and some most interesting details given of the behaviour of the molluscs in respect of the diurnal variations of temperature.
238th (or Annual) MEETING, Saturday, 18th May, 1895. Held at the Philosophical Hall, Park Row, Leeds.
From 2 p.m. in the afternoon there were a number of exhibits on view in the Library and the Industrial Museum Room. In the latter the collection of the late Mr. Charles Ashford now on deposit at the Leeds Museum, was displayed for inspection and a series of exhibits made on behalf of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S., had some exhibitsin the same room, In the Library the President, Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., showed a great number of original drawings of Molluscan anatomy, mostly by the late Mr. Ashford, but some by Mr. G. Sherriff Tye and others, and in a large flat case Mr. Taylor showed a large series of shells illustrating the effects of enyironment in modifying form and colour.
At 5 p.m. the President entertained a number of the members to tea. ~
- -The Annual meeting was held in the Library of the Philosophical Hall at 6 p.m., the retiring President, Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L S., in the chair. There were also present amongst others Messrs. W. E. Hoyle, W. Denison Roebuck, W. Nelson, H. Crowther, B. Sturges Dodd, J. C. Melvill, R. D. Darbishire, Robert Standen, A. E. Baker, R. Cairns, E. Collier, F. W. Fierke, Wm. Moss, Charles Oldham, Mr. and Mrs. Brierley.
The minutes of the 237th meeting were taken as read and confirmed.
Appointment of Scrutineers : The President appointed Mr. Brierley and Mr. Roebuck to examine and report upon the voting papers sent in. Donations to Library announced and thanks voted : Cambridge Natural History, vol. iii., Mollusca and Brachipods—1895— from the Publishers.
Manchester Museum Handbooks—Catalogue of Library, by W. E. Hoyle, 1895—from the Museum.
Journal of Malacology, March 30th, 1895—from the Editor.
Candidates Proposed for Membership :
Messrs. John Ray Hardy (proposed by Rk. Standen and W. E. Hoyle. M.A.),.W, A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S., (by W. E. Hoyle, M.A., and W,
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.), Sydney J. Hickson, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., (by W. E. Hoyle, M.A., and J. C. Melvill, M.A.), F. W. Gamble, M.Sc., Vict., (by W. E. Hoyle, M.A., and J. C. Melvill, M.A.), Rev. Adam Hann (by W. H. Heathcote, F.L.S., and E. Collier), and G. A. Booth, F.E.S. (by. W. H. Heathcote, F.L.S., and R. Standen) were proposed for membership.
Annual Reports:
The Annual Report of the Council (including the Balance Sheet which had previously been circulated in proof among the Members present) was taken as read, the Annual Report of the Manchester Branch was also read, and on the motion of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, both were unanimously adopted—this adoption involving the alteration of Rule No. 8 to suit the altered condition of the Society resulting from the transfer of headquarters to Manchester.
Election of Office-Bearers.
The Scrutineers reported that 35 voting papers had been received, of which 6 were void from informality, and that the following were duly elected as the Office-bearers for the ensuing year :
FoR PRESIDENT :
J. Cosmo MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.
For VICE-PRESIDENTS :
R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A. P. B. Mason, J.P., F.L.S. Rev. A. M. Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S. Joun W. Taytor, F.L.S. For HON. TREASURER : LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. For HON. SECRETARY AND RECORDER : EDWARD COLLIER. For Hon. CURATOR : ROBERT STANDEN.
For Hon. LIBRARIAN :
Wo. E. Hoye, M.A., F.R.S.E.
FoR THE COUNCIL :
HENRY CROWTHER. F.R.M.S. Joun H. James, A.R.I.Cornw. Joun R. B. MASEEIELD, M.A. WILLIAM Moss, F.C.A. WILLIAM NELSON.
CHARLES OLDHAM,
Place of next Annual Meeting.
On the motion of Mr. Hoyle, seconded by Mr. Collier, it was unani- mously resolved that the next Annual Meeting be held in Manchester.
J.C., viii., July 1895.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79
The Presidential Address was then delivered by Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L.S., who gave a review of the history of the Society and of the progress of Land and Fresh Water Con- chology in Great Britain and Ireland during the past twenty years.
Votes of Thanks :
At the conclusion of the address a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Taylor for his services as President during the past year was proposed by Mr. Darbishire, seconded by Mr. B. S. Dodd, put to the meeting by Mr, W. E. Hoyle, and adopted unanimously, as was also a complimentary resolution also brought forward by Mr. Darbishire with respect to the retiring secretary. i: W.D.R., Hon. Sec.
MANCHESTER BRANCH MEETING, At the Owens College, May 9th, 1895. Mr. R. D. Darbishire in the chair.
The chief business was the discussion of certain matters connected with the proposed transference of the head-quarters of the parent society, from Leeds to Manchester, and its effect upon the branch. It was agreed that during such time as the parent society may be located in Manchester the branch shall be suspended, and maintain a passive existence, its active func- tions to be resumed in case of future transference of head-quarters to some other centre. The hon. secretary was requested to address a circular letter to all members of the branch, who do not also belong to the parent society, explaining the nature and advantages of the proposed change, and inviting them to join.
Exhibits :
By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: A gigantic specimen of Zzma excavata Sars, dredged on the coast of Norway, and measuring 63 inches long x 42 inches broad.
By Mr. E. C. Stump: An interesting collection of marine shells from the coast of Tasmania, containing representatives of many genera, and notably many choice examples of Venus, Trigonia, Pecten, and Voluta.
By Mr. William Moss: Fine specimens of Bulémus vincentinus, Cistula arapensts, and other land shells from Trinidad and the Island of Granada.
By Mr. R. Standen: A series of Cyprea cruenta var. coloba Melv. from Red Sea, and from ‘San Francisco Market’; a pale, spotless form of Cyprea caput-serpentis L., and some interesting forms of Limnaa peregra and L, truncatula, from Southport, collected by Dr. Chaster.
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1894-5.
The Report now presented covers the period of eleven months which has elapsed since the last Annual Meeting, in which the Society has steadily maintained its position, in spite of the fact that the year must be regarded as one of transition, pending the change of headquarters from Leeds to Manchester, a change which was decided, though not acted, upon at the last Annual Meeting.
The membership is now 213, including 10 honorary life members, 13 ordinary members resident abroad, and 190 ordinary members on the home list.
Eight new ordinary members have been elected during the year, while three have resigned and one has died, this being Mr. John Hagger, F.L.S., of Repton, near Burton-on-Trent, who has for a long period being a quiet and unobtrusive member of the Society.
Eleven meetings have been held since the last annual one, all of them in Leeds, and a considerable number of exhibits of interest have been made at all the meetings.
The following papers and notes have been read :—
Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S.—‘ The Nomenclature of Dreissensta polymorpha.’
Dr, Ed. von Martens—‘ The Nomenclature of Dre7ssensia polymorpha.’
Kenneth Hurlstone Jones—‘ Molluscan Albinism and the Tendency to the Phenomenon in 1893.’
Hi. A. Pilsbry—‘ On G2ddela cnctncta Sowerby.’
J. T. Marshall—-‘ Alterations in ‘‘ British Conchology.” ’
Rev. J. W. Horsley—‘ Notes on Mollusca at Canterbury.’
C. H. Morris—‘ Aydrobia ( Paludestrina ) jenkinsi at Lewes.’
John W. Taylor, F.L.S.—‘ Szccinea oblonga in Jersey.’
James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., and Robert Standen—‘ Notes on a Collection of Shells from Lifu and Uvea, Loyalty Islands, formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, with List of Species.’
J. E. Cooper—‘ Notes on Dorsetshire Marine Shells.’
Edward Collier—‘ Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West of Treland.’
G. W. Chaster, M.R.C.S.—‘ Wassa reticulata var. minor.’
G. W. Chaster, M.R.C.S.—‘ Occurrence of Pudlsel/m lofotense Sars in the Irish Sea.’
Robert Standen—‘ He/ix aspersa monst. senistrorsunt.’
Robert Standen—‘ Vertigo substriata var. albina.’
Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Helix vermiculata in Staffordshire.’
Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Hel¢x hortensts var. luteolabiata, a variety new to Science, in Northamptonshire.’
Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Large Heltx ztala (ericetorun:) in Northampton- shire.’
Henry Crowther, F.R,M,S,—‘ Biology of Spherzum corneum.’
J.C., viii., July 1893,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81
Lionel E. Adams, B.A.—‘ Seomentina leneata in Northamptonshire,’ Robert Standen—‘ Note on Cyprea tessellata (Sowb.).’ J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.—‘An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh Cuming.’ Most of these papers have been—or will shortly be—published in the ‘Journal of Conchology.’
Four numbers of the ‘Journal of Conchology ’ have been issued during the year, two of them under the editorship of Mr. John W. Taylor, F.L S., by whom it was founded in 1874 and ably conducted for a period of 21 years.
The arrangement made in 1889 for the publication of the Journal as the Society’s organ came to an end at the close of the year 1894, when the goodwill, copyright and the stock of back numbers were acquired from Mr. Taylor by purchase. The Journal is now entirely the property of the Society and the two numbers which have been published under this new arrangement have been edited by Mr. W. E. Hoyle.
The Society’s collections which are deposited in the Museum at Leeds, have received a few additions by gifts. The principal donor being Mr. J. E. Cooper, who presented the series of shells illustrating his paper on the marine shells of Dorsetshire. Donations in money towards the Cabinet Fund have been received from Rey. C. A. Williamson, Mr. W. Whitwell, and Mr. J. E. Eccles.
The Library (which has been made use of by members during the year) has been increased during the year by various donations. The donors have included Dr. W. H. Dall, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, Mr. C. A. White, Mr, R. Bullen Newton, Mr. C. T. Simpson, and Dr. Rudolph Bergh, in addition to the various Societies and Institutions which present their publica- tions in exchange for the ‘ Journal of Conchology.’
All arrangements have been made for the transfer of the head-quarters of the Society from Leeds to Manchester at the close of the present meeting, but the only alteration of the Rules which that change renders necessary is in the wording of the 8th Rule. As the Branch in Manchester will in future naturally exist, if at all, only in suspense while the head-quarters of the whole Society are established in that city, your Council recommend that the 8th Rule be amended by the omission of the words ‘‘ Manchester Branch,” and the substitution of the words ‘‘ Leeds and London Branches, and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an Annual Meeting.”
The Leeds and London members have during the year resolved that branches be formed in their respective districts, the acceptance of which Branches your Council heartily recommend.
Treasurer’s Report.
The financial condition of the Society remains much in the same con- dition as last year. The expenses have, however, been slightly less and one more number of the Journal has been paid for than was the case last year. The arrears continue about the same.
4/8/95. in
82
BALANCE SHEET.
GENERAL FUND.
Receipts. ECS ele Brought forwardfrom1893 3 18 6 Subscriptions received in 1894 45 7 6 Sale of Lists, &c. 114 6 Fine Or CABINET Receipts. 28 8, Gh Brought forward from 1893... a6 EP no Bh Donations in 1894 tee OL O £2 1 33
March 25th, 7895, examined and found correct,
WILLIAM MOSS, F.C.A., ROBERT CAIRNS.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Payments. es Gs Gb Cost of Journals (7, 8, 9,
10, IT) ss -- 34 9 6 Secretary’s Expenses
(Postages, &c.) O20 Treasurer’s ditto. 211 6 Stationery By Ps) sti Books bought 9 8 Rent of Museum 10 6 Subscription to Y.N. U.
(3 years) 9 O Balance in Hand fon BUG) &
£51 0 6
FUND.
Payments, a3 a Gl Stationery is tsi 4 6 To Balance due for
Cabinet ab II oO Lettering Cabinets 12 6 In Hand... 13 33
ELON Bs LIONEL E. ADAMS, Hon. Treasurer.
REPORT or tae MANCHESTER BRANCH. May 18th, 1895.
Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :
The monthly meetings of the Branch held at the Manchester Museum, Owens College, have been exceedingly well attended, and much interest has been shown by members in the proceedings.
The March meeting was held, by special invitation of Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, at his residence, Brook House, Prestwich, and a large number of members and friends availed themselves of the opportunity thus afforded of
inspecting a considerable portion of Mr.
orders of Mollusca.
08
Melvill’s fine collection of all
vili., July 1895.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 83
Two new members have been elected, and the total number of members of the Branch is now fifty two, the majority of whom are also members of the Parent Society. We have every reason to believe that when the transference of headquarters is effected those members of the Branch who are not already members of the Parent Society will willingly join.
Some interesting Notes and Papers have been contributed by members to which additional interest has been added by the exhibition of full suites of the shells treated upon in each communication.
The following is a list of the Notes and Papers contributed :—
By Dr. G. W. Chaster :—‘ Note on Wassa reticulata var. minor (Marshall),’ and ‘On the Occurrence of Pzlsellum lofotense (Sars), off Peel, Isle of Man.’
By Mr. R. D. Darbishire :—‘ A Visit to a Snail Farm in Switzerland.’
By Mr. Edward Collier —‘ Note on a Conchological Excursion to the West of Ireland,’ and * On the genus Macroon (Pilsbry).’
By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill:—‘ An Epitome of the Life of the late Hugh Cuming, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.’
The general exhibits at each meeting have been of an interesting and instructive character, and very numerous and varied, giving occasion for much interesting discussion.
A considerable number of additions have been made to the British collection in the Cabinet of the Branch. A special Cabinet has been devoted to the collection presented by Mr. Charles Oldham, and we are indebted to that gentleman for many additional donations made during the year.
A number of useful additions have been made to the Library of the Branch, by purchase, and the donations of members and friends.
R. STANDEN, Hon. Secretary. a OK
Helix hortensis var. luteo-labiata zar. xov. and large Helix itala in Northamptonshire. During the past year (1894), I have taken four specimens of yellow lipped /ortensis in a limestone quarry at Blisworth, Northamptonshire. Mr. J. W. Taylor, to whom I submitted a specimen, proposes the above name, as it does not appear that this form has hitherto been noticed. This quarry at Blisworth contains some other uncommon forms. The yellow orterszs found here are all more or less diaphanous with pink lips and often with pink cloudy blotches. I have two very pretty shells of diaphanous yellow, 000(45), the band being semi-transparent crimson. I have also taken here two yellow specimens with the rare banding 12045. H, itala (ericetorum) swarms here. The shells run very large, one measuring 22 mm. in diameter. The beautiful milk-white form with translucent bands also occurs, though not abundantly.—LIONEL E. ADAMS, Northampton, JZarch 5th, 1895. (Lead before the Conchological Society, March 6th, 1895.)
84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SHELES FROM LIFU AND UVEA, LOYALTY ISLANDS, FORMED BY THE REV. JAMES AND MRS. HADFIELD, WITH LIST OF SPECIES.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A.,° F.L.S., AND ROBERT STANDEN.
(Read before the Conchological Society, June gth, 1894).
Tue Loyalty Islands, of which the three principal are Lifu, Maré, and Uvea, form part of the New Caledonian Archipelago, and are situate east of the main isle, with its capital Noumea, being placed long. 168° E. lat. 22° S. They are not, therefore, very far within the tropic of Capricorn.
Belonging to France, it is not surprising that several eminent naturalists of that nation have made an especial study of the fauna of this group. Accordingly we find, mainly in the pages of the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ numerous papers on both the Terrestrial and Marine Mollusca, mostly from the pens of MM. Crosse, P. Fischer, Souverbie, Gassies, and three resident conchologists of note—Lambert, Marie, and Mon- trouzier. Mr. John Brazier* has likewise described a few new forms from this region, and we must not.omit the name of Mr. Edgar L. Layard, C.M.G., for many years British Consul in New Caledonia, who here, as elsewhere, made - large collections.
The period of most active research in this quarter, so far as the mollusca are concerned, would appear to have been the decade 1865-75, but several novelties have been described since that later date.
We cannot find, however, that any catalogue of the whole Marine Molluscan Fauna of the Loyalty Island group has been
* Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., iv. (1879), 1880, pp. 388—392.
J.C., viii., July 1895.
MELVILL AND STANDEN: SHELLS FROM LIFU. 85
published, and, as a step towards this desired end, we venture to offer the following list of over 600 species, about twenty or twenty-one of which are considered new, this list being based upon a very beautiful and interesting collection, rich in individuals as well as number of species, formed by the Rev. James and Mrs. Hadfield, of Lifu, and coming mostly from that island, with some also from the neighbouring island of Uvea. They were collected during 1891-3.
Many of them, it is true, are beach shells, and a little worn, but their colours are so untarnished, and condition